Warm Up Analyze the map of Europe on p. 712 and read the segment on Italian music on p Answer the questions.

Italian Unification Complete Italian Unification questions on p. 192 in your manual (we will be grading this in class). Called: the Resurgence

The Germans….

Nationalism and Unification Italy (review)Germany Causes of Unification State leading Unification Leaders of Unification Methods used to bring Unification Who ruled newly unified nations Aftermath of Unification p. 195 in manual: Complete the chart using Ch. 24, Sec. 1 & 2

YOUR THOUGHTS….. Nationalism spreads throughout Europe… it doesn’t stop. Why? What is so powerful about Nationalism?

Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia

The Austrian Empire ruled by Hapsburg family, multi-national empire –opposed to liberalism –no freedom of press –kept close watch on universities –revolutions of 1820, 1830, 1848 led to growing calls for independence, nationalism Many ethnic groups: –Hungarian Magyars largest minority ethnic group Compromise of 1867 –gave Hungary own constitution, parliament, capital –still part of empire –created dual monarchy: Austria-Hungary Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Franz Joseph I problems b/c lots of other nation groups wanted recognition or independence

Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary

Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Use Ch. 24, Sec. 3 to complete this chart. The Ottoman Empire The Eastern Question: The Crimea: The Balkans: Reforms to Nationalism:

Check: 1. What was the Compromise of 1867? 2. What was a long-term problem within the new Austria-Hungary dealing with minority groups? 3. Before the Compromise of 1867, why was the Austrian government watching universities? 4. Who was the Prussian leader who helped lead to a united Germany? 5. What was this man’s motto or theory on how to unite Germany? 6. What two wars did this man fight in order to unite Germany?

Ottoman Empire –large multi-national empire in SE Europe, SW Asia (Middle East), declining since 1600s –European states worried about collapse of Ottoman Empire and rise of Russia > Constantinople Crimean War –dispute over access to Jerusalem/Holy Land –France, GB helped Ottoman Empire v. Russia, fought for 2 years, “Most Unnecessary War in History” –ended in stalemate, 500,000 deaths, –Florence Nightingale, famous nurse Balkan Wars- European countries fighting for dominance –Ended w/ independence of Serbia, –Ended w/ Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed by Austria

Crimean War

Russia controlled most land (Europe into Asia), many ethnic groups czars had absolute power, opposed Enlightenment not much industrialization, mostly agricultural – serfs ideas of reform spread in Russia – Decembrists tried to gain reforms, but captured/sent to Siberia by Nicholas I

Russian Reaction Czar Alexander II- big reformer –1861 freed serfs, gave them land in communes (wanted Market System) –new judicial system, some self-gov’t –reorganized army and navy radical groups wanted more, assassinated Alexander II in 1881 Czar Alexander III- –strong personality, reversed father’s reforms –cracked down on revolutionary groups –Pograms

Alexander II

Nicholas II Czar Nicholas II began industrialization (Trans-Siberian RR) conflict w/ Japan, lost Russo-Japanese War January 22, peaceful group of peasants/worker led by priest walked to czar’s palace w/ demands for reform Bloody Sunday- Russian troops panicked and fired into crowd killing hundreds –shocked people of Russia, mass strikes, rebellion v. czar –Peasants rebelled against landlords, students protested in streets Nicholas II issued October Manifesto: –promised constitution, –individual liberties, –Duma – elected legislative body placated people for awhile, but Nicholas II wanted absolute power, soon took back reforms and closed Duma

Nicholas II

Bloody Sunday