CIVILIZATIONS IN CRISIS: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS AND THE QING CHINA Stearns Chapter 26

The Ottoman Empire

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire Green: Territory lost Orange: Territory lost Purple: Territory lost 1878 – 1914 Gold: Ottoman Empire, 1914

From Empire (Ottoman) to Nation (Turkey)  Cause of decline  Succession of weak rulers (sultans)  Power struggles (Janissaries, officials, elite factions)  Corrupt provincial officials and ayan  Position of artisans declines as a western goods flood the markets (wide scale urban riots)  Armies lack important resources  Foreign empires (ex— Russian) make grabs at outlying territory

Reform Comes From Within  Stage 1: Modest Reform (18th century)  Sultan Selim III introduces new tech. (printing press) & seeks greater bureaucratic efficiency  Result: Angers Janissaries & factions within the bureaucracy 1807: Taken from the throne and executed by Janissaries

Reform Comes From Within  Stage 2: Reforms Continue (1826)  Sultan Mahmud II creates a rival army to break Janissary power and also breaks ayan power  Farther-reaching reforms are based on western precedents Good thing Europeans helped me form a secret army so I didn’t end up like Selim III.

Reform Comes From Within  Stage 3: The Tanzimat Reforms ( )  Reorganizes large sections of society on along western lines Document Analysis: Tanzimât Hatt-ı Sharif of Gülhane With a partner look at the Tanzimat Reforms and explain what western institutions/philosophers/ideals the Ottomans copies. Were these good reforms? How would this affect the traditional Muslim society?

Women and Children Workers in an Ottoman Textile Mill, 1878 By the late nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was beginning to industrialize. Development was concentrated in textiles, production and export of raw materials, and communications and railroads. As in Europe, industrialization altered family relations, as women and children were often hired in preference to men.

Repression and Revolt  Sultan Abdul Hamid ( ) attempts to create order through absolute rule  His rule ends in a bloodless coup supported by the Ottoman Society for Union & Progress (Young Turks) whose goal was to restore the 1876 constitution The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire Discuss how this document is both an expression of modernizing reform and an assertion of what many at that time many thought was the best vehicle for that process, nationalism.

“The Sick Man” Dies  1908 coup is supported by the military, who introduce many reforms (education, status of women, etc.) but there are immediate problems:  Factional fighting  Outbreak of WWI  Continued subjugation of Arab portions of the empire  Ottoman Empire ends in 1914

Western Intrusion and Crisis in Islamic Heartland

Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartland  Crisis in Arab portions of the empire was the same: rejection or adoption of western ways?  While Arabs resented Ottoman Turkish rule, they preferred rule by fellow Muslims to control by Western powers.  Ottoman crisis creates fears about keeping the West from complete intrusion

Egypt taken from Empire  Ignorance of the European world causes the Mamluks (Murad) to underestimate the power of Napoleon  Resounding defeat of Mamluks reveals that Muslim armies are seriously overmatched

Muhammad Ali of EGYPT  After French withdrawal, Muhammad Ali emerges as a ruler,  Westernizes the military and attempts to industrialize Egypt  Reforms are blocked by European powers who want to remain dominant in the Egyptian market  Descendants of Ali (khedives) rule until 1956

Bankruptcy, Intervention & Resistance  Khedives prove to be terrible rulers (wasteful, inept and elitist)  One important exception: Suez Canal  Makes Egypt an important strategic area to competitive European countries

Bankruptcy, Intervention & Resistance  Weak Muslim rulers prompt Muslim intellectuals/religious leaders to debate the best way of staving off European control  One side: al-Afghani & Muhammad Abduh stressed borrowing from the West to innovate  Other side: religious scholars said the Qu’ran was the source of all truth; no answers could be found in the West

Ahmad Arabi – European Challenger  Led revolt against khedive  Dismissing military leaders  Khedives flew to Britain for help  British crushed Arabi’s rebellion and backed the khedive rule Khedives become “puppet” for British rule in the Egypt – Control of Suez Canal jeopardized

Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt  Muhammhad Ahmad (“The Mahdi”) leads a jihad with the following goals:  Purging Islam of its “corrupt” beliefs carried on by the Egyptians  Fending off western pressure in the area  Mahdi army wins control of Sudan  Khalifa Abdallahi continues the fight  British defeat the mahdi in1898

The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire

The Rise of the Qing Empire in China  Qing dynasty is actually the Manchu, a nomadic group who seized control after Ming declined  Adopted Chinese ways while attacking Ming’s borders  Maintained the same system once in power  Differed from previous foreign rulers (Yuan/Mongols) in that they included native Chinese in the bureaucracy “It took nearly two decades before centers of Ming and rebel resistance in the south and west were destroyed by the banner armies, but the Manchus soon found themselves the masters of China.”

The Qing Empire YELLOW: Provinces LIGHT YELLOW: military governorates and protectorates ORANGE: tributary states

Economy & Society  Conservative approach…  Socially…. Stressed hierarchy (Confucian) Extended family still the central social unit Women confined to the household  Economically…. Lowered taxes, labor demands and improved public works Attempted to control the landlord class to alleviate peasant burdens Did NOT exercise much control over the commercial sector (and the # of incoming Europeans) Zhu Xi ( ) Confucian writer – stressed respect of hierarchy A Chinese paddle-wheel driven ship from a Qing Dynasty encyclopedia published in (Emperor Kangxi)

Rot From Within  False assumption that the following problems were part of another dynastic cycle  In Government  Cheating, bribery on state exams  In the Economy  Diversion of revenue from state projects  Food shortages, famine & disease Pine, Plum and Cranes, 1759 AD, by Shen Quan (1682–1760). Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk. Kangxi ruled for 61 years (most). Qing was at its height – allowed Europeans to enter China at Canton.

The Opium War & After  To the Chinese, Europeans were: barbarians, animals, nomads  Conflicts like the Opium War revealed that the Europeans had stronger, better organized militaries and were not willing to live with an unequal trade balance.

Effects of Opium on China

The Opium War Summarize the steps leading to the war and analyze the painting.

Rebellion & Failed Reforms  1850s & 1860s— wave of rebellions  Taiping rebellion (Hong Xiuquan) Sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucianism  Boxer Rebellion Effort to expel foreigners

Imperialist Europe…

Rebellion & Failed Reforms  China rallies temporarily  Dowager Empress Cixi Crushed reforms and played rival factions off each other to maintain power  Self-strengthening movement Preserve existing order (not transform it) by modernizing military & encouraging foreign investment in railways and factories

Fall of the Qing  1905—Confucian exam system ends  Resistance continues until 1911  In the form of secret societies, sons of scholar- gentry or compradors  Fiercely anti-Western  1912—last Manchu emperor (Puyi) abdicates (he is 6 yrs old) Sun Yat-sen Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 Revolt against Qing dynasty in China

Global Connection  Islam survives; China does not—WHY?  Muslims had faced Western challenges since the Middle Ages while challenge to China was more sudden  Muslims share many Judeo-Christian cultural aspects while Chinese regarded western culture as ‘barbaric’  Muslims has many centers to defend (fall of one did not mean fall of all) whereas fall of China meant the whole empire  Muslims could fall back on Islam, Chinese did not have a religious tradition to stabilize them.