Unit 2.5 Motivation

Popular Motivation Theorists Frederick Taylor Abraham Maslow Douglas McGregor Frederick Herzberg Elton Mayo David McClelland

Frederick Taylor Scientific Management Employees are inherently lazy Primary motivation is money Tie pay to output and efficiency targets Division and specialization of labor High levels of employee supervision

Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs People are motivated by more than money Lower level needs must be satisfied first Difficult to satisfy all needs for all employees at the same level

Douglas McGregor Theory X Theory Y Managers perceive employees as lazy, don’t want to work Money is primary motivator Strict supervision Emphasis on output and productivity Managers believe employees gain satisfaction from responsibility Job enrichment is primary motivator Emphasis is on people in the organization

Frederick Herzberg Efforts to prevent dissatisfaction Hygiene Factors Motivators Efforts to prevent dissatisfaction Do not provide increased motivation Working conditions Salary and Wages Company Policies Lead to satisfaction of employees at work Achievement, recognition, responsibility Job enlargement Job enrichment Job empowerment

Elton Mayo Hawthorne Effect Human Relations School Human interaction is primary motivator Workers perform better for managers who care

David McClelland Theory of Needs Individuals possess three needs, at varying intensity levels Achievement Power Affiliation

Management View of Employees Taylor Theory Management View of Employees Primary Motivator Maslow McGregor Herzberg Mayo McClelland

Taylor Maslow McGregor Herzberg Mayo McClelland

Taylor Maslow McGregor Herzberg Mayo McClelland Scientific Management Hierarchy of Needs McGregor Theory X / Theory Y Herzberg Two Factor Theory Mayo Human Relations School McClelland Theory of Needs

Taylor Maslow McGregor Herzberg Mayo McClelland Scientific Management Lazy Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Possess Needs McGregor Theory X / Theory Y Lazy / Responsible Herzberg Two Factor Theory Possess Expectations Mayo Human Relations School Desire Interaction McClelland Theory of Needs

Taylor Maslow McGregor Herzberg Mayo McClelland Scientific Management Lazy Money Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Possess Needs Depends on Level McGregor Theory X / Theory Y Lazy / Responsible Money / Empowerment Herzberg Two Factor Theory Possess Expectations Job Enrichment, Etc. Mayo Human Relations School Desire Interaction Teamwork McClelland Theory of Needs Depends on Individual

Motivation in Practice Financial Motivation Non Financial Motivation

Financial Motivation Time rates Piece rates Salary Commission Profit-related pay Performance-related pay Employee share ownership Fringe benefits

Non Financial Motivation Job enrichment Job enlargement Job rotation Empowerment Teamworking Recognition and praise Working environment Professional development Delegation Worker participation