First World War Treaties

Can you identify them?

Woodrow Wilson President of Princeton Univ President of Princeton Univ Campaigned for president 1912—New Freedom— states’ rights & individualism Campaigned for president 1912—New Freedom— states’ rights & individualism Reelected 1916—based on social legislation and “he kept us out of the war” Reelected 1916—based on social legislation and “he kept us out of the war” April, 1917 asked Congress for declaration of war April, 1917 asked Congress for declaration of war January, 1918 speech to Congress “Fourteen Points” January, 1918 speech to Congress “Fourteen Points”

David Lloyd George 1890 entered House of 1890 entered House of Commons as a Liberal Commons as a Liberal During WW 1 was Minister of During WW 1 was Minister of Munitions and Secretary of War Munitions and Secretary of War 1916 became Prime Minister 1916 became Prime Minister Forced the adoption of the convoy system on Forced the adoption of the convoy system on the navy to counter German submarine activity the navy to counter German submarine activity At the Paris Peace Conference, was a moderating At the Paris Peace Conference, was a moderating influence on both Pres. Wilson and Georges influence on both Pres. Wilson and Georges Clemenceau Clemenceau

Georges Clemenceau Nicknamed “the Tiger” for Nicknamed “the Tiger” for his speaking ability his speaking ability Became Prime Minister for Became Prime Minister for a second time Nov a second time Nov Also served as Minister of War Also served as Minister of War At the Paris Peace Conference, worked to totally At the Paris Peace Conference, worked to totally humiliate Germany humiliate Germany Was unsatisfied with the treaty Was unsatisfied with the treaty Believed Wilson was too idealistic Believed Wilson was too idealistic

Vittorio Orlando Before WW I, served as Minister Before WW I, served as Minister of Education & Minister of Justice of Education & Minister of Justice In 1916 became Minister of the In 1916 became Minister of the Interior Interior 1917 became Prime Minister after 1917 became Prime Minister after the loss at Caporetto the loss at Caporetto He was the head of the Italian Delegation at the He was the head of the Italian Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference Was unable to gain territory promised in 1915 Was unable to gain territory promised in 1915 Treaty of London; resigned June 1919 Treaty of London; resigned June 1919

The Treaties

Treaty of Versailles w/Germany 1919 Treaty of Versailles w/Germany Articles 440 Articles Article 231 “war guilt clause” Article 231 “war guilt clause” Treaty of St. Germain w/Austria 1919 Treaty of St. Germain w/Austria 1919 Treaty of Neuilly w/Bulgaria 1919 Treaty of Neuilly w/Bulgaria 1919 Treaty of Trianon w/Hungary 1920 Treaty of Trianon w/Hungary 1920 Treaty of Sevres w/Turkey 1920 Treaty of Sevres w/Turkey 1920 Treaty of Lausanne w/Turkey 1923 Treaty of Lausanne w/Turkey 1923

Treaty of Versailles… were the terms carried out? League of Nations was created League of Nations was created Poland, France, Belgium & Denmark all did receive land; Germany did hand over all land stipulated by the treaty Poland, France, Belgium & Denmark all did receive land; Germany did hand over all land stipulated by the treaty All overseas colonies were handed over to the League All overseas colonies were handed over to the League Land taken from Russia was given back, except Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia were made independent—national self-determination Land taken from Russia was given back, except Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia were made independent—national self-determination Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men; only on paper Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men; only on paper

Treaty of Versailles… were the terms carried out?

Treaty of Versailles Germany’s navy was reduced to 6 battleships & no submarines (Germany couldn’t afford to build battleships anyway & navies were moving to destroyers and aircraft carriers) Germany’s navy was reduced to 6 battleships & no submarines (Germany couldn’t afford to build battleships anyway & navies were moving to destroyers and aircraft carriers) Submariners were trained abroad—not covered in the treaty, so this did not break the treaty Submariners were trained abroad—not covered in the treaty, so this did not break the treaty

Treaty of Versailles No air force… happened; but pilots trained abroad No air force… happened; but pilots trained abroad No mechanized vehicles, such as tanks No mechanized vehicles, such as tanks Rhineland—in yellow (Western Germany) was demilitarized Rhineland—in yellow (Western Germany) was demilitarized

Treaty of Versailles There was no union with Austria There was no union with Austria Germany did pay some of the reparations; Germany did not refuse to pay in 1922, just did not produce the railroad ties; in the 1920s the Allies reduced reparation payments Germany did pay some of the reparations; Germany did not refuse to pay in 1922, just did not produce the railroad ties; in the 1920s the Allies reduced reparation payments Germany did not start systematically breaking the Versailles treaty until Hitler came to power Germany did not start systematically breaking the Versailles treaty until Hitler came to power

Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye With Austria 1919; in clause 177 Austria accepted responsibility for causing the war, along with the other Central Powers With Austria 1919; in clause 177 Austria accepted responsibility for causing the war, along with the other Central Powers Dissolved Austro-Hungarian monarchy; recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the future Yugoslavia Dissolved Austro-Hungarian monarchy; recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the future Yugoslavia Three million German-speaking Sudetens were added to Czechoslovakia, even though Austria was the German part of the Empire Three million German-speaking Sudetens were added to Czechoslovakia, even though Austria was the German part of the Empire

Treaty of St. Germain

Lost 86% of pre-war territory Population: million; million Territory: ,000 sq mi; ,400 sq mi Lost 86% of pre-war territory Population: million; million Territory: ,000 sq mi; ,400 sq mi Austria became a land-locked country Austria became a land-locked country Army reduced to 30,000 volunteers Army reduced to 30,000 volunteers Reparations to be paid over 30 years; Austria did not make payments, but did give farm animals to Italy, Yugoslavia & Romania Reparations to be paid over 30 years; Austria did not make payments, but did give farm animals to Italy, Yugoslavia & Romania Forbidden to unite with Germany in clause 88 without permission of the L of N Council Forbidden to unite with Germany in clause 88 without permission of the L of N Council

Treaty of St. Germain As with Treaty of Versailles, USA did not sign this treaty because the Treaty of St. Germain also contained a clause creating the League of Nations As with Treaty of Versailles, USA did not sign this treaty because the Treaty of St. Germain also contained a clause creating the League of Nations

Treaty of Trianon With Hungary in 1920; completed the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire With Hungary in 1920; completed the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Hungary lost approximately 75% of its territory to the countries of Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia Hungary lost approximately 75% of its territory to the countries of Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia Trianon Trianon Palace Palace

Treaty of Trianon Ethnic Hungarians outside Hungary lost their Hungarian nationality in one year Ethnic Hungarians outside Hungary lost their Hungarian nationality in one year Within Hungary, there were a large group of Germans and of Slovaks Within Hungary, there were a large group of Germans and of Slovaks Hungary allowed a volunteer army of 35,000 Hungary allowed a volunteer army of 35,000 Air force was not allowed Air force was not allowed Hungary had to pay reparations to the Allies Hungary had to pay reparations to the Allies Hungary was blamed for starting the war (clause 161) Hungary was blamed for starting the war (clause 161)

Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine With Bulgaria in 1919 With Bulgaria in 1919 Territory was given to Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania; Bulgaria lost the Aegean coastline Territory was given to Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania; Bulgaria lost the Aegean coastline Army reduced to 20,000 men Army reduced to 20,000 men Pay reparations Pay reparations Required to recognize the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia) Required to recognize the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia)

Treaty of Sevres Written with the Ottoman Empire in 1920 Written with the Ottoman Empire in 1920 The Straits were made an international waterway The Straits were made an international waterway Territory in the Middle East had been divided between France & Great Britain in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917 Territory in the Middle East had been divided between France & Great Britain in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917 Britain received Palestine & Iraq Britain received Palestine & Iraq France received Syria, Lebanon and some land in southern Anatolia France received Syria, Lebanon and some land in southern Anatolia

Treaty of Sevres Armenia recognized as an independent country Armenia recognized as an independent country Dodecanese Islands were given to Italy Dodecanese Islands were given to Italy Ottoman Army limited to 50,000 Ottoman Army limited to 50,000 Navy limited to 13 boats; no air force Navy limited to 13 boats; no air force Allies to control OE bank, control over import/exports, reform the tax system Allies to control OE bank, control over import/exports, reform the tax system Mustafa Kemal led a rebellion against the OE government; after his victory, he refused to sign the Treaty of Sevres Mustafa Kemal led a rebellion against the OE government; after his victory, he refused to sign the Treaty of Sevres

Treaty of Lausanne Negotiated between Kemal/new Turkish government and Allies in 1923 Negotiated between Kemal/new Turkish government and Allies in 1923 Recognized the Republic of Turkey Recognized the Republic of Turkey Greece had been given land in western Anatolia; this led to war between Turkey and Greece, which ended before the negotiations for the Treaty of Lausanne Greece had been given land in western Anatolia; this led to war between Turkey and Greece, which ended before the negotiations for the Treaty of Lausanne Independence for Armenia abandoned Independence for Armenia abandoned Tariff restrictions, but no reparations Tariff restrictions, but no reparations Recognized Turkish control of the Straits, with international commission to supervise use Recognized Turkish control of the Straits, with international commission to supervise use

What are the elements in the cartoon? What do you see? Who is the person? What do the elements represent? What is the cartoonist’ message?

Q & A Using information from the movie, this powerpoint and other sources… Using information from the movie, this powerpoint and other sources… 1.What did the United States want at the Paris Peace Conference? 1.What did the United States want at the Paris Peace Conference? 2.What did Great Britain want at the Paris Peace Conference? 2.What did Great Britain want at the Paris Peace Conference?

Q & A Using information from the movie, this powerpoint and other sources… Using information from the movie, this powerpoint and other sources… 3.What did France want at the Paris Peace Conference? 3.What did France want at the Paris Peace Conference? 4.What did Italy want at the Paris Peace Conference? 4.What did Italy want at the Paris Peace Conference?

Q & A 5.List two features all of the treaties had in common: (a) (b) 5.List two features all of the treaties had in common: (a) (b)

Q & A The Versailles Treaty was criticized for being too harsh on Germany and that Germany could not fulfill the treaty. Some people believe that very little of the treaty was actually carried out. The Versailles Treaty was criticized for being too harsh on Germany and that Germany could not fulfill the treaty. Some people believe that very little of the treaty was actually carried out. List three conditions of the treaty that Germany DID fulfill. (a) (b) (c) List three conditions of the treaty that Germany DID fulfill. (a) (b) (c)

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