HW Quiz 1. Whose arrest led to the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? 2. Name the group of black students who, with help from army troops, attended a white school in Arkansas. 3. What form of non-violent protest started in Greensboro? 4. What famous speech was made at the March on Washington? 5. The black and white volunteers who rode together on buses through the South were called what? Bonus(10 Points): Name the organization of mostly college students formed to coordinate non-violent protests.

The Civil Rights Movement Goal 11

Essential Idea Martin Luther King, Jr. used non-violence to promote civil rights. (Remember “Double V”?)

Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education ruled that schools could not segregate based on race The Supreme Court said that the ruling should take effect “with all deliberate speed”

Where were there laws against segregation? Why do you think some states had no laws on segregation? Which states DID have laws requiring segregation?

Plessy v. Ferguson Overturned Many Southern states used this phrase to stall as long as possible

The Little Rock Nine Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, decided to desegregate using nine black students Governor Orville Faubus ordered the National Guard to stop the action

The Little Rock Nine Angry white mobs also gathered around the school President Eisenhower used 1000 National Guard troops (the same ones Faubus had used!) to secure the school and allow the students to attend Little Rock School Integration

James Meredith Meredith attempted to register for classes at the University of Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett personally denied him access

Integrating Higher Education JFK sent in U.S. Marshalls, who were attacked by angry white mobs JFK sent in several thousand troops, and Meredith was admitted

Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person

Protesting Bus Segregation The Montgomery Improvement Association formed, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Montgomery Bus Boycott – black citizens boycotted buses by walking and carpooling

Montgomery Bus Boycott King emphasized NON- VIOLENT protests After almost a year, the buses finally desegregated King formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Violence in Birmingham King realized that the federal government mostly responded to violence In 1963, he led a march to Birmingham, Alabama, hoping to force JFK to support civil rights

The Violence is Televised Marchers were assaulted, even by police, with dogs and fire hoses

The March on Washington Next, King held the famous March on Washington, attended by 200,000 people of all races

“ I Have a Dream ” Here, King made the famous “I Have a Dream” speech Excerpt from speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 – gave the FEDERAL government power to stop discrimination

Selma March Voting rights were still not secured because of discrimination at the polls King led a march on Selma, Alabama, calling for voting rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965 The world watched on TV as the protesters were assaulted by police Voting Rights Act of 1965 – removed all discrimination at the polls and gave full black suffrage

Greensboro Sit-ins In 1959, four black college students visited a Woolworth lunch counter The Woolworth refused to serve them, so they stayed at their seats until the counter closed

The Sit-in Movement Spreads Within two months, sit-ins were taking place all over the country These protesters were punched, kicked, and burned

Non-Violent Protest However, the protesters, who were mostly students, did not fight back

SNCC SNCC – Student Non- violent Coordinating Committee, formed during the sit-in movement

The Freedom Riders CORE – Congress on Racial Equality, made of both blacks and whites Freedom Rides – CORE members rode buses through the South to bring national attention to segregation

Where did the freedom rides take place? Where did the rides meet violence? Where were riders jailed the most?

Freedom Riders Attacked As the Freedom Riders approached Birmingham, the police chief decided to give the police the day off One of the buses was firebombed and attacked by white mobs, leading to injuries and death

Kennedy Responds The news reported on the event, and JFK responded by making enforcement of desegregation stricter Freedom Riders

Civil Rights and Television Nature of Most Protests: protests were non-violent, with violent responses from whites How did people find out? The news showed images of the violence What was the effect? TV made it obvious who the “good guys” were Public opinion favored civil rights

The Black Power Movement Black Power becomes an Alternative Many blacks became impatient with King’s methods because change was slow Black Power Movement – a more aggressive movement to gain rights

Stokely Carmichael Carmichael was originally the president of SNCC He abandoned non- violence and helped form the Black Panther Party The Black Panthers were militant and used force if necessary

Malcolm X Changed his last name to X because his original name had been given to his family by slave owners Like Marcus Garvey, he promoted black nationalism

King Assassinated April 4, 1968 King was shot and killed outside his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee James Earl Ray was arrested and convicted King’s Legacy King used NON-VIOLENT protest to promote equality King’s methods led to real changes, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965