Shenghui Cui Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences April 24,2013 Sustainability and Low Carbon city ： A Case Study of Xiamen, China Loyalty Endeavour Sustainable Cities and Interdisciplinary International Education: Workshop on Core Knowledge and Skills

Outline 1. Introduction of IUE and myself 2. Projects on low carbon city 3. A case study in Xiamen Loyalty Endeavour

长江三角洲 珠江三角洲 闽三角 台湾 Four regions To Asia Pacific Mega-cities along the costal areas Yangtze River Delta Min Triangle Area Pearl River Delta Introduction of IUE,CAS

Vision and Mission Vision: To support the rapid urbanization in China, and to become a center of excellence in urban environmental research in Asia Pacific region Mission: To understand the impacts of rapid urbanization; To develop science-based technologies for urban pollution control; To integrate technologies for urban environmental systems and policies; To establish a platform for urban environmental technology transfer; To foster talents for sustainable urban environmental conservation;

 Major research interests Urban environmental planning and management Urban ecological process and control Urban metabolism Introduction of myself

Projects on low carbon city Carbon Footprinting and Modelling: The Key to the Low Carbon City Sponsor: The UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office’s Strategic Programme Fund; Time:July,2010-March,2011 Research on Low-carbon urban development pathway and environment integrated management mode Sponsor: The Ministry of Environment Protection; Time:Jun,2010-Jun2013 Research on low carbon measures of urban energy use based on carbon footprint Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China ( ) ; Time:Jau,2011-Dec,2013 Research on target-oriented urban carbon footprint management control strategy Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China ( ); Time:Jau,2013-Dec,2016

Case Study in Xiamen Low carbon development of public transport in Xiamen based on carbon footprint assessment Evaluating the effectiveness of Xiamen energy conservation and GHG mitigation measures Using hybrid method to evaluate carbon footprint of Xiamen City, China

Study Area——Xiamen  Xiamen is a pilot city of national low-carbon province and low-carbon city experimental project by NDRC An area of 1,573 km² 2.52 million populations A coastal city in southeastern China An earliest Special Economic Zone Industrial Structure is 1.08: 47.26: GDP is billion Yuan Energy consumption is 9.80 million tce Energy consumption intensity is tce/10,000 yuan Xiamen

Low carbon development of public transport in Xiamen based on carbon footprint assessment

The system boundary of the carbon footprint assessment of urban public transport system

Results  The total carbon footprint of BRT system was 55, tCO2e per year. Infrastructure material production, Infrastructure operation and fuel consumption activities were responsible for 36%, 31% and 21% respectively.  The carbon footprints of the NBT system was 1,178, tCO2e. The materials production, maintenance and vehicles operation takes up the top 3, responsible for 56%, 25% and 12% respectively. Carbon footprints of the BRT and NBT system of Xiamen in 2009 Bus Rapid Transit Normal Bus Transit The per capital carbon footprint of BRT and NBT was about 638gCO 2 e and 1,312gCO 2 e. Only considering the direct carbon emissions of the fuel consumption in the vehicle operation, the result was 149gCO 2 e, and 261 gCO 2 e respectively.

Evaluating the effectiveness of Xiamen energy conservation and GHG mitigation measures

Research processes based on the LEAP model

Sets of Options IEC CES CHP ECB NRE MVC INT scenario Clean energy substitution Renewable energy utilization Motor vehicle control Energy conservation in building Combined heat and power generation Industrial energy conservation

Energy consumption and GHG emissions forecast for the BAU and INT scenarios,  The annual growth rate of total energy consumption under BAU and INT scenario was 10.5% and 9.13% respectively.  The average annual increase rate of GHG emissions under BAU and INT scenario was 10.08%. and 6.94% respectively.

Using hybrid method to evaluate carbon footprint of Xiamen City, China

Urban Carbon Footprint Scope 1+2 Scope 3 Energy Use Forestry Cross-Boundary Transportation Urban Key Important Materials Process Analysis EIO-LCA Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste Disposal Methodology Kyoto Protocol GHG CH 4 CO 2 N2ON2O HFCs SF 6 PFCs

Cross-Boundary Transport 9.54% In-Boundary Non-Energy Use 3.55% Industrial Processes and Product Use 0.37% Waste 3.02% Agriculture 0.42% Forestry -0.25% Research Results  Total carbon emission is Kt CO 2 e in 2009  Carbon emissions from urban end-use sectors (Scope1+2) are 64.97%  Carbon emissions from Scope 3 contribute 35.03% Energy Use 61.42% Embodied Energy 25.49%

Commercial and Public Sector 15.16% Household Sector 14.32% Motorcycle 12.01% Construction Sector 7.65% Industrial Sector 55.13% Other Sectors 1.10% In-Boundary Transport 6.65% Taxi 19.72% NBT 15.33% BRT 1.96% Minibus 4.08% Ferry 0.54% Private Car 46.36% Research Results:energy use  Total energy use emissions by urban end-use sectors are Kt CO 2 e  Private cars have the large share, accounting for 46.36%.  Industrial sector is the largest source of energy use emissions

Xiamen,2009Denver,2005 Research Results: comparison  The per capita carbon footprint of Xiamen is 9.29 t CO 2 e/person, just counting about one-third of the per capita carbon footprint in Denver

Comparison of Emissions from Energy Use  The relatively high-emission cities include Angeles, Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing, and Bangkok, with a per capita carbon emission more than 10 t CO 2 e/person  Xiamen is a relatively low-carbon city, with only 6.91 t CO 2 e/person (UNEP, 2011)

－ 22 － Thank You ！ Tel: Fax: Address:1799 Jimei Road,Xiamen,China