Interpreting Evolutionary Evidence

Taxonomy Field of biology that identifies names and classifies species – Classification system Aristotle/Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature – 2-part Latin name: genus and species

Taxa Classification categories: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand

Cladistics Method of analyzing evolutionary relationships between groups to construct family tree – Cladogram = evolutionary tree diagram – Clad = branches on the tree – Monophyletic group = group of organisms that share derived trait (descendants of ancestor in which it evolved)

3 Domains Bacteria – Prokaryotic cells – Have cell wall made with peptidoglycan – Certain anitbiotics disable activity of bacterial ribosomes Archaea – Prokaryotic cells – Have cell walls made with various polysaccharides – Phospholipids differ from those from bacteria and eukaryotes Eukarya – Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, Protists)

Domain Eukarya Has 4 Kingdoms: – Protista – simple eukaryotes; live in water – Fungi – Heterotrophic eukaryotes; obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion – Plantae – Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes; diverse organisms – Animalia – Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes; diverse organisms

Cladograms “Evolutionary Trees” Closely related species (branches) share same line of descent until their divergence from a common ancestor

Building a Cladogram

Building Cladogram 1.Choose an outgroup (organisms with least common traits) 2.Start branch (if a trait is shared, label it before the outgroup branch

Building Cladogram 3. Choose the organism that is second least common

Building Cladogram 4. Continue branching and labeling common traits

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