1. Classification and Phylogeny
AP Biology

2. January 26th, 2014
Name as many kingdoms as you can and 3 organisms found in each kingdom you have listed. (Hint: Start with the domains first then go to kingdoms!)

3. Announcements Syllabus Review Test Date: MAY 11th, 2015 @ 8:00 am!!!!!
Contact Info: or
Miss Class? Go to:

4. Word Parts Do for each chapter we discuss in the class
I will allow you to do them in any format you chose (i.e Flashcards, Quizlet App, Notes, etc)
Use the “Understanding Terms” section at the end of chapter to create your word parts list

5. Chapter 28 Word Parts Word Part Meaning Term ana- upward, back, again
-logy
-logous
having relation
bi-
nom-
name
homo-
-gen
phyl-
tax-

6. January 27th, 2014
Using the organisms given, group them into 4 categories. Explain your logic behind grouping them this way. 1 2 3 5 4 8 6 7

7. Wednesday, January 28th
Which two species are most closely related? Least closely related? What characteristic is common in both the salamander and the leopard?

8. Classification of Living Things
How do we classify things? TAXONOMY
Branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying organisms
Began in Ancient Greece and Rome
Taxon (pl. taxa): group of organisms that fill a particular category of classification
Ex. Rosa and Felis
Common Ancestor: Ancestor held in common by at least two lines of descent

9. Carolus Linnaeus “Father” of taxonomy
Gave us the binomial naming system (Binomial Nomenclature) to classify organisms
Particularly interested in plants
Rules for nomenclature:
Always italicized
Genus name is ALWAYS capitalized and written before species
Names are always in Latin (Universal!)
Example: Homo sapiens (Humans)

10. old Classification system
Originally only two kingdoms were recognized (Plants and Animals)
1960s – 5 kingdom system was adopted
Monera – prokaryotes
Protista – single & multicellular eukaryotes simpler than plants, animals or fungi
Fungi – multicellular heterotrophs (extracellular digestion and absorption)
Plantae – multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs
Animalia – eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs

11. New Classification system
Seeks to organize organisms by evolutionary relationships rather than just characteristics
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
4 Kingdoms: Protista, Animalia, Fungi, Plantae
The kingdoms monera and protista are obsolete because they are polyphyletic

12. Dapper
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Great
Spagetti

13. Species: Panthera pardus Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Bacteria
Domain: Eukarya
Archaea

15. Systematics
Study of diversity of organisms at all levels of organization
Goal of systematics is to determine phylogeny
Three main systematics used today: Cladistics, Phenetics, and Traditional

16. Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Expressed using phylogenetic tree
diagram that indicates common ancestors and lines of descent (lineages)

18. phylogentic trees All species arise from a common ancestor on the tree
Species are more closely related to other species in the same genus, more distantly related to species in other genera (plural for genus) of the same family, and so forth from order to class to phylum to kingdom
Primitive (ancestral) character: one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group
Derived (evolved) character: one that is found only in a particular line of descent

19. Derived Characters
Primitive Characters

20. Tracing Phylogeny Fossil Records Homology
Homologous Structures: related to each other in common descent but may now differ in structure and function
Ex. Forelimbs of animals (
Convergent Evolution: similarity in structure in distantly related groups due to adaptation to the environment
Analogous Structures: have the same function in different groups but do not have a common ancestry
Ex. Insect wings vs. Bat wings
Molecular Data

21. Insect Wings
Bat Wings

22. Cladistics systems
Cladograms: shared derived characters to classify organisms and arrange taxa in a type of of phylogenetic tree
Cladistics based on the premise of homologies

23. Cladistic systems