Human Sexuality PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CAREER PLANNING 9

Is Safe Sex Failing American Teens?  93% of Americans agree that sex education should be taught in schools.

Which Countries Have The Best Sex Education?  Why does the US have one of the highest teenage birth rates of all developed nations?

Choices and Change Adam Beach speaks about the importance of health, safe sex, contraception, and the prevention of STIs such as HPV.

Types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases  Most common common STD is: 1. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 2. Chlamydia – treated with antibiotics 3. Gonorrhea – treated with antibiotics

Forms of Contraception

What is Abstinence?  Voluntarily avoid some or all forms of sexual activity  A personal choice that prevents unwanted pregnancy and STIs  Not a contraceptive method; rather, it is a decision  A person can become abstinent, even if they have been sexually active in the past

IUD – Birth Control  One of a parent's biggest fears is learning their teenage daughter is pregnant.  The American Academy of Pediatrics is recommending birth control methods for sexually active teenagers.  Pediatricians will begin prescribing intra-uterine devices (IUD), or implantable devices.  These long-term, reversible forms of birth control are said to work anywhere from 3 to 10 years. Once a doctor inserts the device, it begins working.

What is an IUD?  A t-shaped device that contains the hormone, progestin, which is released into the uterus over time  Your doctor will insert the threads into your vagina and you can feel for the threads to make sure it is still in place

How Does The IUD Work? Failure Rate: 2 in 1000 women per year The IUD thickens the mucus in the cervix which makes it difficult for sperm to reach the egg Changes the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation Sometimes prevents a woman from releasing an egg

The “IUD” Advantages 1. Long-acting (up to 5 years) 2. No daily routine required 3. Does not interfere with intercourse 4. May reduce menstrual flow and cramps 5. Some women will stop having a period while it is in place Disadvantages 1. May cause irregular bleeding or spotting in the first month 2. Uterus may be impacted when it is inserted (rare) 3. Insertion can be uncomfortable 4. May fall out of the uterus (6%) 5. Must be inserted and removed by a doctor 6. Does not protect against STIs

The “Shot” What is it?  Contains a hormone called progesterone  Injection is given by your doctor in the upper arm or buttocks every weeks (four times each year)

The “Shot” How does it work?  Prevents the ovary from releasing an egg  Thickens the cervical mucus which makes it difficult for sperm to reach an egg  Changes the lining of the uterus which makes implantation difficult Failure rate: 30 per 1000 women per year

The “Shot” AdvantagesDisadvantages  One of the most effective birth control methods available  No daily contraceptive routine  Reduces menstrual cramps  Effectiveness not affected by most medications  Irregular bleeding is normal after first use  Causes a decrease in bone mineral density which may return to normal when a woman stops using the injection  May be associated with weight gain in some women  Takes about 9 months after the last injection to be able to produce an egg  Must be given by a doctor

What is The “Pill”  Prescription tablets/pills taken once a day, at a specific time  Contains two types of hormones: estrogen and progestin  Many different brand names  Prescribed by your doctor

How Does The “Pill” Work? Prevents the ovary from releasing an egg Thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg Changes the lining of the uterus making implantation difficult Failure rate: 80 per 1000 women per year

The “Pill” Advantages  Effective and reversible  Does not interfere with intercourse  Regulates menstrual cycle  Decreases acne  Decreases premenstrual symptoms Disadvantages  Must be taken every day, at the same time  May cause irregular bleeding or spotting  May cause breast tenderness, nausea, or headaches  May increase the risk of blood clots  Effectiveness can be reduced from other medications  Does not protect against STIs

What is the “Patch”  A patch that slowly releases hormones through the skin, daily  Can be placed on the buttocks, upper outer arms, lower abdomen, or upper torso (not the breast)  A new patch is put on each week for three weeks, followed by one week without a patch

How Does the “Patch” Work? Prevents the ovary from releasing an egg Thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg Changes the lining of the uterus making implantation difficult

The “Patch” AdvantagesDisadvantages  Effective and reversible  No daily contraceptive; replace once per week  Does not interfere with intercourse  Regulates the menstrual cycle and reduces cramps  May cause irregular bleeding (spotting)  Patch may detach from skin (less than 2%)  Possible skin irritation  May increase the risk of blood clots  Effectiveness may be affected by other medications  Does not protect against STIs

What is the “Ring”?  A flexible, nearly transparent ring (2 inches)  Releases a continuous dose of hormones for three weeks while in the vagina

How Does the “Ring” Work? Prevents the ovary from releasing an egg Thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg Changes the lining of the uterus making implantation difficult Failure rate 80 per 1000 women per year

The “Ring” AdvantagesDisadvantages  Effective and reversible  No daily routine; insert once per month  Does not interfere with intercourse  Regulates the menstrual cycle and reduces cramps  May cause irregular bleeding or spotting  May cause breast tenderness, nausea, or headaches  May cause discomfort or irritation  Ring can fall out (not common)  Effectiveness can be reduced by other medications  May increase risk of blood clots  Does not protect against STIs

What is the Male Condom?  Is a thin sheath that covers the penis during intercourse and is made of one of the following materials: Rubber (latex) Plastic (polyurethane)  Consistent and correct use of male latex condoms can reduce (though not eliminate) the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

How Does the Male Condom Work? Fits over an erect penis Acts as a physical barrier preventing direct contact between the penis and vagina, and preventing the exchange of body fluids Traps the sperm in the condom so it can not fertilize the egg Must use a new one for each repeated act of intercourse

Male Condom Advantages  Widely available without prescription  Inexpensive  Helps protect against STIs  Gives male partner more accountability for birth control  Both partners can participate in using it  No hormones  May be used with other contraceptive methods Disadvantages  Must be available at the time of intercourse  May reduce sexual spontaneity  Must be stored and handled properly  May slip or break during intercourse  Those with latex allergies can not use them

What is a Diaphragm and Cervical Cap?  Deposited in the vagina and used with spermicide to create a barrier  A latex or silicone dome with a flexible steel ring around the edge  Positioned into the vagina and over the cervix before intercourse  Must have a pelvic exam in order to fit it properly to your body

What is the Female Condom?  Soft, disposable, polyurethane sheath  Available in drugstore or online without a prescription

How Does the Female Condom Work? Lines the vagina completely, preventing direct contact between the penis and the vagina, and preventing the exchange of body fluids Traps the sperm so it can not fertilize the egg The condom is thrown away after intercourse. A new one must be used for each repeated act of intercourse. Failure Rate 210 per 1000 women per year

Female Condom AdvantagesDisadvantages  Available without a prescription  Used only at the time of intercourse  Woman is in charge of placement and use  Suitable for partners with latex allergies  No hormones  Protects against some STIs  Must be available at time of intercourse  May reduce sexual spontaneity  Requires proper insertion technique  Inner ring can cause discomfort for some  May make noise during intercourse  May slip or break

What is the “Morning After Pill”?  Prevents or delays the release of an egg  Usually a dose of 2 pills, taken at the same time  The sooner you take it the better. Up to 72 hours after intercourse  Only used in an emergency.

The “Morning After Pill” How does it work?  Delays or inhibits the release of an egg  Might inhibit implantation  Affects the second part of the menstrual cycle that may lead to pregnancy  Does not cause abortion Effectiveness: Best when taken within 24 hours of unprotected sex

The “Morning After Pill” AdvantagesDisadvantages  Available in pharmacies without a prescription  May prevent an unplanned pregnancy  Can cause nausea and vomiting  Intended for occasional use  Does not protect against STIs