CELL MEMBRANE IN DETAIL

THE CELL MEMBRANE IS NOT A SOLID STRUCTURE. IT IS MADE OF MILLIONS OF SMALLER MOLECULES THAT CREATE A FLEXIBLE AND POROUS CONTAINER. PROTEINS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS MAKE UP MOST OF THE MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS MAKE THE BASIC BAG. THE PROTEINS ARE FOUND AROUND THE HOLES AND HELP MOVE MOLECULES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL. THERE ARE ALSO PROTEINS ATTACHED TO THE INNER AND OUTER SURFACES OF THE MEMBRANE.

LOOK AT THE DIAGRAM ABOUT THE CELL MEMBRANE… THE PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES ARE SHAPED WITH A HEAD AND A TAIL REGION. THE HEAD SECTION OF THE MOLECULE LIKES WATER (HYDROPHILIC) WHILE THE TAIL DOES NOT (HYDROPHOBIC). BECAUSE THE TAILS WANT TO AVOID WATER, THEY TEND TO STICK TO EACH OTHER AND LET THE HEADS FACE THE WATERY (AQUEOUS) AREAS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE CELL. THE TWO SURFACES OF MOLECULES CREATE THE LIPID BILAYER.

OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

CONCENTRATION THE AMOUNT OF A SOLUTE WITHIN A SOLUTION.

SOLUTE – SUBSTANCE THAT IS DISSOLVED IN A SOLUTION. SOLVENT – WHAT THE SOLUTE IS DISSOLVED INTO -THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTE IN SOLUTION CAN BE CRITICAL FOR PROPER BODILY FUNCTION. SOLUTION – MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED.

SOLUTIONEXAMPLE Gas-Gas Gas-Liquid Gas-Solid Liquid-Liquid Liquid-Solid Solid-Solid Air Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) in Soda Hydrogen (H 2 ) in Palladium (Pd) Metal Gasoline Dental Fillings Metal Alloys Such as Sterling Silver

DIFFUSION PARTICLES MOVING FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION. CLICK FOR VIDEO

EQUILIBRIUM WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE SOLUTION. WHICH OF THESE IS AT EQUILIBRIUM?

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION: SIZE OF THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. (HOW CONCENTRATED THE SIDES ARE) AMOUNT OF SURFACE AREA/ VOLUME WHEN EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED (EQUAL CONCENTRATION ON BOTH SIDES) TEMPERATURE CHARGE OF PARTICLE & SIZE OF THE PARTICLE

OSMOSIS - DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A “SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” CELL MEMBRANE. - “SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” REFERS TO HOW CELL MEMBRANES WILL SOMETIMES NOT ALLOW SOLUTE TO PASS THROUGH BUT WILL FREELY ALLOW WATER TO PASS THROUGH.

Click image for video link! 

TYPES OF OSMOTIC BALANCE: ISOTONIC SOLUTION WHEN SOLUTE & WATER ARE AT EQUAL CONCENTRATIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF MEMBRANE

TYPES OF OSMOTIC BALANCE: HYPERTONIC SOLUTION WHEN THE SOLUTION A CELL IS IN HAS “MORE SOLUTE” THAN WATER (CELL WILL SHRINK BY LOSING WATER!)

TYPES OF OSMOTIC BALANCE: HYPOTONIC SOLUTION WHEN THE SOLUTION A CELL IS IN HAS “LESS SOLUTE” THAN WATER. (CELL WILL ENLARGE BY GAINING WATER!) WHEN DOING OSMOSIS PROBLEMS, KNOW THE SOLUTION, THEN THINK OF WHERE THE WATER WILL GO TO REACH EQUAL WATER CONCENTRATIONS ON EACH SIDE (WATER IS THE ONLY THING THAT CAN MOVE)

PASSIVE TRANSPORT - WHEN PARTICLES MOVE FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION WITHOUT THE USE OF ENERGY. Click image for video link!  Two Types of Transport 

ACTIVE TRANSPORT SIMPLE DIFFUSION- WHEN PARTICLES MOVE DIRECTLY THROUGH THE LIPID BILAYER. FACILITATED DIFFUSION- PARTICLES CANNOT PASS THROUGH BILAYER. - PASS THROUGH TRANSPORT PROTEINS DUE TO THEIR SIZE OR CHARGE. EXAMPLES: H + IONS AND GLUCOSE Click image for video link!  Two Types of Transport 

ACTIVE TRANSPORT (MORE INFORMATION) - MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES AGAINST THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (LOW TO HIGH). - REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) & TRANSPORT PROTEINS TO OCCUR.

Click image for video link! 

ENDOCYTOSIS TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT THE PROCESS OF TAKING MATERIAL INTO THE CELL BY MEANS OF INFOLDINGS, OR POCKETS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE EXOCYTOSIS TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT THE PROCESS OF TAKING MATERIAL OUT OF THE CELL BY MEANS OF INFOLDINGS, OR POCKETS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

Endocytosis Exocytosis

REVIEW

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: A VISUAL SUMMARY protein enzyme lipid secretion ribosome Nucleus lysosome contains digestive enzymes that break down worn-out cell parts or substances entering the cell at the plasma membrane transport vesicle shuttles lipids to various locations such as the Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and also performs various other functions incoming vesicle brings substances into the cell that are digested when the vesicle fuses with a lysosome transport vesicle shuttles proteins to various locations such as the Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus modifies lipids and proteins from the ER; sorts them and packages them in vesicles secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and packages them in vesicles; vesicles commonly go to the Golgi apparatus plasma membrane

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS CELL MEMBRANE PROTECTS THE CELL LETS THINGS IN AND OUT OF THE CELL LOCATION: AROUND THE CELL NUCLEUS CONTROL CENTER LOCATION: INSIDE THE CELL, NEAR THE CENTER

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS NUCLEOLUS (NUCLEOLI) MAKES RIBOSOMES LOCATION: INSIDE THE NUCLEUS (DARK SPOT) NUCLEAR MEMBRANE PROTECTS NUCLEUS LETS THINGS IN/OUT OF NUCLEUS (PORES) LOCATION: AROUND NUCLEUS cell

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS MITOCHONDRIA MAKES ENERGY/POWERHOUSE LOCATION: IN CYTOPLASM GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUS PACKAGES AND SECRETES (GETS RID OF) WASTE LOCATION: IN CYTOPLASM

MITOCHONDRIA

GOLGI APPARATUS

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.) TRANSPORTS MATERIALS AND SENDS MESSAGES TO ALL PARTS OF THE CELL TWO TYPES: SMOOTH AND ROUGH (HAS RIBOSOMES) LOCATION: ATTACHES FROM CELL MEMBRANE TO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE Rough E.R.

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS RIBOSOME MAKES PROTEINS LOCATION: IN CYTOPLASM OR ATTACHED TO E.R. VACUOLE STORES FOOD AND WATER LOCATION: IN CYTOPLASM

VACUOLE

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS LYSOSOME CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DESTROYS BACTERIA, OLD CELL PARTS… LOCATION: IN CYTOPLASM CENTRIOLES HELPS THE CELL TO DIVIDE LOCATION: IN CYTOPLASM

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS CYTOPLASM GEL-LIKE SUBSTANCES, HOLDS ALL ORGANELLES IN CELL LOCATION: IN CELL CHROMATIN/CHROMOSOMES CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION/TRAITS LOCATION: IN NUCLEUS

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS CILIA SHORT HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS USED FOR MOVEMENT LOCATION: OUTSIDE OF CELL FLAGELLA LONG WHIP-LIKE TAIL USED FOR MOVEMENT LOCATION: OUTSIDE OF CELL

FLAGELLA

CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS CHLOROPLAST TRAPS SUNS ENERGY AND MAKES FOOD LOCATION: IN PLANT CELLS

CELL WALL PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS PLANT CELLS PREVENTS WATER LOSS CELLULOSE LOCATION: OUTER LAYER OF PLANT CELLS

CYTOSKELETON Function: Support structure of cell and transport materials/organelles throughout the cell. The highway of the cell. Made of Microtubules (thin hollow cylinders) and Microfilaments (thin solid cylinders) Location: Inside the cell

CYTOSKELETON

CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS PLASTIDS STORES EXTRA FOOD IN PLANT CELLS LOCATION: IN PLANT CELL