SIX MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS THINK ABOUT HOW THEY CONNECT. KNOW THEM.

 1608 The Protestant Union  1609 The Catholic League  Ferdinand II is the spark  He is a Habsburg of the Austrian Empire! And the HRE!  Closes Protestant churches  Years War!

Protestant Princes fight the HRE What turns the tide? Sweden and France join the Protestants! Result: PEACE OF WESTPHALIA Devastates econ. of Germanies France gets some German lands German area is free of HRE MOST IMPORTANT: BEGINNING OF TRUE “STATE SYSTEM” 30 Years War

 Prussia  Hohenzollern family  Frederick William I “The Soldier’s King”  Created a strong, but very honest bureaucracy  Permanent standing army

 Austria  Habsburg Family  30 Years War failed, so turned east and inward to rebuild  Permanent, standing army  Move into Hungary and Transylvania  Charles VI

 COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE  From New World:Gold,silver,chocolate, sugar, tobacco, peanuts,spices,potatoes, (slavery becomes an issue…)  To New World: Diseases, horses, sheep, pigs, Christianity, technology, coffee…  Cash flows, standard of living up 700%!

 CAPITALISM!  PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION  CREATES A PROFIT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL!  DEVELOPMENT OF THE JOINT STOCK COMPANY  MERCANTILISM: POLICY TO TRADE ONLY WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY

 The Americas  First: Spain and Portugal to south: gold, silver, sugar…  Then: France, England and the Netherlands to the north: timber, agriculture, granite…

Slavery: Factors that lead to growth in African slave trade to the Americas -Natives “not well-suited” Died! -Catholic Church fought the encomienda system that enslaved natives -Needed cheap labor for mines, agriculture, specifically SUGAR, INDIGO… -Slave trade already at play in Africa st recorded shipment of African slaves to Americas

 1600’s-1700 slavery mushrooms:  37% to Brazil  41% to Caribbean  15% to Spanish Americas  5% to Southern colonies in N. America  Some of the most brutal slavery ever seen  12 million human beings sold between 1400 to 1800.

 Portuguese first to India (1498)  Spanish and Portuguese first to Asia  By 1500’s Dutch and British compete: naval battles, piracy…  Dutch East India Company  British East India Company Profit to the mother country

 In Renaissance= 1% of pop.  1650’s=10%+  What is your status based on?  Traditionally, two classes  Nobles Commoners

 A dance to try and maintain some kind of balance of power  Lots of wars (starting to compete for markets, raw materials)  The top five countries:  England, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia  Wars were expensive, taxes increase, social unrest…

 Constant war had consequences:  Big bucks! Taxes too high  Deteriorating econ. Conditions Cold,wet climate + cost of feeding army=FAMINE in some places Social unrest NEEDED TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO DEAL WITH THE COMPLEXITIES!!

 “Enlightened despot”= a ruler who tries to do their best for the people, not just a greedy, corrupt, user.  ABSOLUTISM!!  Louis the 14 th : Versailles  Nobles spend part of the year there  Deal: rich life for power (no Estates General)  Religion+Catholic

 Prussia: Remember Frederick and the tall soldiers?  Austria: Don’t forget the Habsburgs  Russia: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great

 ENGLISH CIVIL WAR!!!  Charles I needs money for war; Parliament says “No, unless we get rights!” (no taxes or prison without process…)  Charles agrees, but then backs out and charges “fees”, demands only one religion…  CHARLES GETS HIS HEAD LOPPED OFF!!  SO, PARLIAMENT- NOT AN ABSOLUTE SYSTEM!

 Religious Settlement  Economic Growth  Encounters and Colonization  Rise of the Middle Class  Power Politics  Absolutism or Parliamentary/Constitutional

Read about Charles I and Oliver Cromwell How did England become a constitutional monarchy? Pages: Read about Russia: What made Peter “great”? What were his goals for Russia? Pages: