Sacred Music of the Middle Ages From Gregorian Chant to Ars Nova

Learning Outcomes: Understand the human condition in the middle ages Understand the challenges that music presented and how those challenges were solved Understand the characteristics of Medieval music and the descriptive terms Know the influential composers of each musical era within the Medieval period.

On the Misery of the Human Condition, c inspiring words from Pope Innocent III... man was formed of dust, slime, and ashes: what is even more vile, of the filthiest seed. He was conceived from the itch of the flesh, in the heat of passion and the stench of lust, and worse yet, with the stain of sin. He was born to toil, dread, and trouble; and more wretched still, was born only to die. He commits depraved acts by which he offends God, his neighbor, and himself; shameful acts by which he defiles his name, his person, and his conscience; and vain acts by which he ignores all things important, useful, and necessary. He will become fuel for those fires which are forever hot and burn forever bright; food for the worm which forever nibbles and digests; a mass of rottenness which will forever stink and reek.

Two era’s of music developed during the Medieval Period Ars Antiqua & Ars Nova

Ars Antiqua began in Paris at the Cathedral de Notre Dame

Representative Ars Antiqua Composers Leonin ( ) Perotin (early 13th century) Hildegard von Bingen ( ) Anonymous (?)

Monophony Single line of song, could be sung by many voices but the pitch is unison. Mono- meaning one Type of music composed during the Ars Antiqua

What is Ars Antiqua? Literally means “old art” Stemmed directly from Gregorian Chant This style of music can be characterized as adding hollow sounding harmonies(perfect 4ths & 5ths) to existing chants. This type of music is called organum. Originally, one voice would be added above the existing chant. The chant would be sung very slowly - it was called the cantus firmus.

Early Polyphony Polyphony means more than one pitch played at the same time - what we typically call harmony. The first type of polyphony was called parallel organum. Here the cantus firmus and the higher harmony mirrored each other. Eventually composers like Leonin and his student Perotin began adding a third and fourth part above the cantus firmus, and moved away from the eerie sounding parallel organum.

Parallel Organum

Meanwhile, in Germany… Hildegard von Bingen, who herself was a nun with reported mystical powers, began composing music different from the Notre Dame school. Von Bingen wrote music that sounded wildly different than plainchant, which some attributed to her lack of musical training. Her melodies, even today, seem contemporary.

What kind of music was happening outside of the church? Secular music, or popular music, has always existed throughout history, but very little during the Middle Ages.

Troubadours Troubadours were French musicians who traveled across Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries. They sang mostly love songs. They accompanied their love songs with instruments, unlike the church.

Adam de la Halle ( ) The most famous troubadour ever Wrote the first ever musical theater piece Le Jeu de Robin et Marion Inventor of the Motet Motet - a piece of music where two or more different verses are fit together simultaneously, without regard to harmony

Medieval Instruments Instruments in early secular music were used to accompany songs. Musicians usually improvised the simple accompaniments. While the accompaniments were melodically simple, they were rhythmically lively.

Harp

Krumhorn

Lute

Muted Cornett

Psaltery

Sacbut

Serpent

Shawm

Hurdy-Gurdy

Drum or Tambor

Recorder

Viol

Ars Nova 14th & 15th century France The invention of modern notation The creation of the Ordinary of the Catholic Mass The popularity of the motet The introductory use of phrasing and cadences An awakening to relationship between text and music

Representative Ars Nova Composers Guillaume de Machaut ( ) Francesco Landini ( ) Guillaume Dufay Josquin Desprez Anonymous (?)

Guillaume de Machaut A poet & a musician Created the first Ordinary for the Catholic Mass Created many of the musical forms of today (rondos and ballades) Began writing patterns and introduction of cadences.

GUIDO DE AREZZO Father of Modern Notation Guidonian Hand- Solfeg 4 line staff Stems on nuemes

Examples of Ars Nova Music Music from this period was the first to add stems to the nuemes, thereby creating our modern system of notation. (Guido)

This piece is called “Sumer is icumen in” and is the oldest surviving round.

Conclusions Most Medieval composers wrote mainly for the church and remained anonymous. These early composers did not take the art of composition seriously. It was more a necessary function, or duty. Most secular musicians had day jobs. Full time musicians were poor. While music itself was held in high regard, those who made it were not. This is very different today.