1 Intro to biology video

Lab safety video

Lab Safety: A list of lab safety rules are found: Attached to your syllabus (to be signed by you and a parent/guardian) In green note packet (page 5-6)

4 Lab #1 “Recognizing lab safety” 1.Complete the map of the classroom on the second page. 2.Finish the rest of the lab at home.

Classroom door (life skills) * Not to be used Classroom door (222 to hallway) Science prep. NO ENTRY Classroom door (O’Handley) * Not to be used Windows Use this to start Lab #1. Page 2 of the lab wants you to draw the classroom and label the location of important lab safety equipment.

In Honors Bio what are we going to learn about? Scientific method Biochemistry The Life of Cells Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Genetics/DNA Evolution Plants Reproduction Animal Form and Function Ecology 6

Chapter 1 Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life Adaptations Biology Cell Community Control Ecosystem Hypothesis Inference Molecule Natural selection Observation Organ systems Organism Organs Population Species Theory Tissues 7

Biology- study of life Biology is organized into levels Life starts here 8

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Scientists have 2 main ways to learn about the world around them: 1- Discovery science – Observing and measuring data – Inductive reasoning- creates a general principle from large amounts of specific data (specific to general) 2- Hypothesis-driven science – Discovery science often leads to hypothesis-driven science – Scientific method – Deductive reasoning- using general principles to reach specific data (general to specific) 10

Observations Observations: eventsDescription of objects, events May include data from all five senses (touch, smell, taste, sight, sound) Could be drawings, diagrams, written words opinionsDo not include opinions.

Inferences conclusionsDrawing conclusions based on observations reasonOften provide a reason for the event/object being observed. An inference is when you make an assumption or prediction about something that you observe

Let’s practice making inferences! The next three slides show some fossil imprints that were found during a archeological dig. We’re going to record some observations and then make some inferences about what may have happened millions of years ago….

What do you think happened?

In layman’s terms, if something is said to be “just a theory,” it usually means that it is a mere guess, or is unproved. It might even lack credibility. But in scientific terms, a theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true.

Theories theory A theory may be formed after many related hypotheses have been tested and supported with experimental evidence broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true A broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true considerable evidence Supported by considerable evidence Ties together related hypotheses 19

Explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses. multipleVerified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory, he/she can only create a hypothesis. The theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the theory of plate tectonicsExamples: The theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the theory of plate tectonics.

Laws Statement of fact A Statement of fact that concisely explains an action or group of actions e.g. Law of Gravity Accepted to be true Accepted to be true Universal Universal May be expressed as a math equation e.g. E=mc 2 21

trueBoth a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. predictionsBoth are used to make predictions of events. technologyBoth are used to advance technology.

A theory is much more complex and dynamic. actionA law governs a single action, whereas a theory explains a whole series of related phenomena.

slingshotautomobileAn analogy can be made using a slingshot and an automobile. A scientific law is like a slingshot. A slingshot has but one moving part-- the rubber band. If you put a rock in it and draw it back, the rock will fly out at a predictable speed, depending upon the distance the band is drawn back.

An automobile has many moving parts, all working in unison to perform the chore of transporting someone from one point to another point. An automobile is a complex piece of machinery. Sometimes, improvements are made to one or more component parts. A new set of spark plugs that are composed of a better alloy that can withstand heat better, for example, might replace the existing set. But the function of the automobile as a whole remains unchanged.

A theory is like the automobile. Components of it can be changed or improved upon, without changing the overall truth of the theory as a whole.

Scientific Method 27

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Observation five senses Employing your five senses to perceive objects or events 29

Asking a Question Based on observations; one or more questions are generated 30

Forming a Hypothesis testable A statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either does or doesn’t support it It can never be proven beyond doubt refined and revised or discarded Often must be refined and revised or discarded 31

The Hypothesis --- Is a statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesis Is a statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesis “if-then” statement Often written in the form of an “if-then” statement 32

Experimenting Testing a hypothesis controlled conditions Testing a hypothesis or prediction by gathering data under controlled conditions – conducting a controlled experiment control grou experimental group – Based on a comparison of a control group with an experimental group 33

34 except for one factor independent variable – Both groups are identical except for one factor (independent variable) dependent variable – Observations and measurements are taken for a particular factor (dependent variable) in both groups Driven by or results from independent variable

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– Measuring quantitative data numbers qualitative data Involves quantitative data that can be measured in numbers &/or qualitative data information that isn’t numbers – Sampling sample represent the entire population Technique of using a sample – a small part – to represent the entire population 36

Organizing Data Involves placing observations and measurement (data) in order – Graphs, charts, tables, or maps 37

Analyzing Data Collected and organized data must be analyzed determining whether data are reliable or whether they support or do not support a hypothesis – Process of determining whether data are reliable or whether they support or do not support a hypothesis or prediction 38

Conclusion Conclusions are made on the basis of facts, not observations drawn from data – Often drawn from data gathered from a study or experiment support the hypothesis – Should support the hypothesis re-testable – Should be re-testable 39

Communication share the results of their studies Scientists must share the results of their studies with other scientists (peers) Publishjournals Publish findings in journals scientific meetings Present their findings at scientific meetings unbiased Scientists must be unbiased – Should not tamper with their data – Only publish & report tested & proven ideas 40

Communication Sharing of information Sharing of information is essential to scientific process verification Subject to examination and verification by other scientists Allows scientists to build on the work of others 41

Only one variable is being tested a one time

Variables are parts of an experiment

Controlled variables (constants): NOT factors in an experiment that are NOT changed. same for all groups being tested

Manipulated (independent) variable: changed factors in an experiment that are changed. Always the “if” part of the “if-then” hypothesis

Responding Responding (dependent) variable: measuring the factor that you are measuring. Always the “then” part of the “if-then” hypothesis

Experiment: The affect of temperature on goldfish respiration. What are all the variables?

There are two groups in a controlled experiment: Experimental Group: 1) Experimental Group: the part of the experiment in which a factor or variable is changed.

Control Group 2) Control Group: the part of the experiment that is left alone or “natural”. Used to compare back to.

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Graphing

Diversity of life Scientists classify organisms to bring unity to the vast diversity of life 3 domains: – Bacteria- prokaryotes – Archaea- prokaryotes – Eukarya- eukaryotes These are then arranged into kingdoms K P C O F G S Kings play cards on fat green stools 63

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Unity in diversity: DNA Genetic Information in all cells Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is coded in the same way in ALL organisms! * Makes for interesting debatable issue in genetic engineering chapter DNA contains instructions for traits GENES Make the structures and complex chemicals necessary for life PROTEINS DNA in every body cell (SOMATIC CELLS) is exactly alike 65

What are the characteristics of life? 66

a)-All Organisms are made of Cells What types of cells are these? 67

a continued…) – and living things have different levels of organization 68

b)- Regulation – organisms need to maintain a stable internal environment 69

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c)- Living things grow Cells grow (enlarge)- when they reach a certain size: Cells divide: form new cells What is this process called? 71

d)- Living things require energy What are these processes called? 72

e)- They respond to the environment Respond to stimuli (water, food, temperature, supplies) To maintain HOMEOSTASIS 73

f)- Living things reproduce Not essential for individual survival Necessary for survival of a species Asexual- no gamete fusion Sexual- fusion of gametes 74

g)- Evolution: They adapt to their environment Adaptations are traits giving an organism an advantage in a certain environment 75