23-3: The New Deal Affects Many Groups Groups in Roosevelt’s New Deal Coalition: (Supporters of the Democratic Party) –Women –African Americans –Labor Unions –Southern Whites –Immigrants

Women Names of Appointees to important government positions: Francis Perkins: Secretary of labor, and 1 st woman appointed to a presidential cabinet position Gains women made under the New Deal: Women appointed to important federal positions Slight increase in the number of women working outside the home Problems of Women not solved by the New Deal: Workplace discrimination; discriminatory wages; discriminatory hiring practices

African Americans Names of Appointees to important government positions: Mary McLeod Bethune: Head of the Office of Minority Affairs of the (NYA) National Youth Administration. She also helped to organize the “Black Cabinet”, a group of influential African Americans that advised FDR on racial issues William H. Hastie and Robert C. Weaver Gains African Americans made under the New Deal: Increased political voice through greater access to the president Organizations created for tenant farmers Problems of African Americans not solved by the New Deal: Segregation; racial violence, discrimination in all areas of life; poll taxes

Labor Unions Names of unions organized during the New Deal: Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO): A labor union for unskilled workers Gains unions made under the New Deal: Better working conditions; increased bargaining power Dramatic increase in union membership Problems of unions not solved by the New Deal: Strike violence Big Business opposition to labor unions

Other Coalition Groups Southern Whites Various urban group Immigrants Various religious groups and ethnic groups Reasons they supported the Democratic Party: New Deal labor laws and work-relief programs aided many of them FDR made direct and persuasive appeals to them FDR appointed many officials of urban- immigrant backgrounds

John Collier Commissioner of Indian Affairs and a strong advocate of National American rights He helped create the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 which restored some reservation lands to tribal ownership