India and China New Imperialism

British in India British East India Company controlled economic interests British East India Company controlled economic interests –Ruled on behalf of the British crown Mughal Empire declined Mughal Empire declined –British increased political and economic hold

NegativePositive  British East India Company  Encouraged disunity and competition among rulers  Required sepoys to serve in the military  Required acts against Hinduism  Overseas travel and eating beef and pork  Sepoy rebellion lead to thousands of deaths  British East India Company  Improved Roads, reduced banditry, preserved peace  Tried to end slavery  End cast system  Improved position of women  Banned sati

Sepoy Rebellion British East India company enlisted Indian soldiers British East India company enlisted Indian soldiers Forced them to do things against their religion Forced them to do things against their religion –load rifles –Travel overseas Sepoy’s rebelled against their British officers and other British residents Sepoy’s rebelled against their British officers and other British residents British suppressed the rebellion and Parliament ended East India Company rule British suppressed the rebellion and Parliament ended East India Company rule

NegativePositive  Colonial Rule  British officials served in top gov. offices  Wanted to force British culture on Indians  Changed crops from food to cash crops – cotton  Population outpaced food supply  Famine  Deforestation  Hand woven textile industry destroyed  Exploitation of resources  Further improved roads  Build railroad network  Telegraph and postal service increased communication  Fewer regional differences  Created some peace in the countryside  Revised legal system  Increased education  Medical advancements

British Rule British viceroy ruled in India with many British holding government positions British viceroy ruled in India with many British holding government positions Economic motives Economic motives –Market for British goods –Source of raw materials Improvements Improvements –Increased transportation and communication

Economic Problems Inexpensive machine made textiles destroyed hand weaving Inexpensive machine made textiles destroyed hand weaving Increased farming Increased farming –Cash crops  Cotton  Opium –Creates deforestation –Causes famine

Nationalism With Western influence came education and desire to have Indians adopt Western ideals With Western influence came education and desire to have Indians adopt Western ideals Backfired as a new educated class of Indians learns of enlightenment ideas Backfired as a new educated class of Indians learns of enlightenment ideas Push for a Nationalist movement Push for a Nationalist movement –Indian National Congress –Muslim League WII prevents Britain from holding on to their colonies WII prevents Britain from holding on to their colonies

Trade in China –Balance of Trade – the balance between how much a country imports and exports –Trade surplus – when a country exports more then it imports –Trade deficit – when a country imports more then they export For a long time China had a favorable trade balance with Western Europe For a long time China had a favorable trade balance with Western Europe –Limited trade, only imported gold and silver Changes in Europe interrupted this trade pattern Changes in Europe interrupted this trade pattern –China entered into a period of decline –Western Europe industrialized  Needed more markets for goods  Increased military

Opium Wars British merchants started selling opium in exchange for Chinese tea British merchants started selling opium in exchange for Chinese tea –Many Chinese became addicted to the drug –Became very profitable for British merchants  Chinese lost large amounts of silver in the trade as well Chinese government asked the British to stop selling opium Chinese government asked the British to stop selling opium –Britain refused citing free trade Chinese warships clashed with British merchant ships Chinese warships clashed with British merchant ships –British easily won with superior weapons

Qing Dynasty in Trouble After the Opium wars Britain forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing After the Opium wars Britain forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing –Opened more ports –Made China pay Britain an indemnity –Gained Hong Kong Future treaties were also forced on China that benefited Britain Future treaties were also forced on China that benefited Britain Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion –Peasants in China rebelled against the Qing government –Tired of high taxes, and extravagant government spending –Lasted for about 14 years until local leaders helped suppress the rebellion  Extremely devastating with about million deaths –Further weakened the Qing government and allowed Europeans to keep pressure on China

Reform Some Chinese worked towards Western reforms Some Chinese worked towards Western reforms –Increase industry –Mining –Railroads  Without support from the government these reforms failed Japan takes advantage of these weaknesses and attacks China gaining Taiwan as a territory Japan takes advantage of these weaknesses and attacks China gaining Taiwan as a territory Realizing how weak China has become, Western countries split up China into spheres of influence Realizing how weak China has become, Western countries split up China into spheres of influence –US becomes fearful we will not have ability to trade in China and creates the Open Door Policy Reformers blame the conservatives for halting progress Reformers blame the conservatives for halting progress –Some reforms begin under Guang Xu but the conservatives rallied against the reforms –The reformers eventually had to escape or be executed

Boxer Rebellion Anti-foreign feelings grew in China Anti-foreign feelings grew in China –Foreigners lived in their own communities without abiding Chinese laws –Foreign troops caused tension –Influence of Western ideals angered many Chinese In 1899 these feelings exploded with a secret society nicknamed the Boxers attacked foreigners across China In 1899 these feelings exploded with a secret society nicknamed the Boxers attacked foreigners across China –Desire was to free China from foreign people and influence –Western powers with the help of Japan had to come to rescue the foreigners and squash the Boxers

Qing Dynasty Falls After the Boxers were crushed China started to make concessions and reintroducing reform After the Boxers were crushed China started to make concessions and reintroducing reform –The economy started to expand and industry grew Many nationalist groups were still unhappy with the Chinese government and demanded reforms Many nationalist groups were still unhappy with the Chinese government and demanded reforms –Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic –This was not the end of China’s problems