Kinds of Phrases and Their Functions (Chapter 16)

 Single group of related words  Used as a single part of speech  Does not contain both a verb and its subject  It is NOT a sentence! It is PART of a sentence!  Examples: ◦ have been waiting (no subject) ◦ during the storm (no subject or verb) ◦ to boldly go where no one has gone before (no subject or verb)

 Include a preposition, object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object  Examples: ◦ Did the members of Starfleet Command vote to place Earth under martial law due to the threat from the Borg? ◦ This is Captain Kirk of the U.S.S. Enterprise. ◦ According to both Mr. Spock and the computer bank, the last tribble in the Alpha Quadrant was eradicated in the twenty-third century.

 Prepositional phrases that modify a noun or pronoun  Answers the question “what kind?” or “which one?”  Example: One of the crew members is filing a complaint about the size of his quarters. ◦ of the crew members modifies the pronoun one. ◦ of his quarters modifies the noun size.

 The adjective phrase generally follows the word it modifies.  That word can be the object of another preposition.  Example: Another crew member filed a complaint about the quality of the food in the mess hall. ◦ about the quality modifies the noun complaint ◦ of the food modifies the noun quality ◦ in the mess hall modifies the noun food

 More than one adjective phrase can modify the same word.  Example: The ship’s log related the adventures of the crew near Earth and in deep space. ◦ all three phrases modify the noun adventures

 Some adjective phrases are combined with nouns to form a compound noun.  In these cases, the entire thing is considered a noun.  Examples: ◦ Helen of Troy ◦ tug-of-war ◦ meals on Wheels ◦ jack-in-the-box

 Exercise 1 on pp. 555 – 556

 Prepositional phrases that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb  Tells how, when, where, why, or to what extent (how much, how long, how far)

 Modifying a verb: After the early 800s, the Fujiwara family ruled as regents in Japan for more than three hundred years. ◦ All three phrases modify the verb ruled ◦ After the early 800s tells when ◦ As regents tells how ◦ in Japan tells where ◦ for more than three hundred years tells how long

 More than one adverb phrase can modify the same word  Adverb phrases can precede the words they modify (unlike adjective phrases which must always follow the word they modify)

 Exercise 2 on pp. 556 – 557

 Verbal: a very form that is used as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb. ◦ There are three kinds of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives  A verbal phrase consists of a verbal and its modifiers and compliments. ◦ There are three kinds of verbal phrases: participial phrases, gerund phrases, and infinitive phrases.

 A verb form that can be used as an adjective  Two forms: ◦ present participle: ends in –ing ◦ Past participle: ends in –d or –ed  Present Participles ◦ The freezing rain made the road slick. ◦ Bowing, the performers acknowledged the applause.  Past Participles ◦ First prize was an engraved trophy. ◦ Rested and relaxed, we returned to school.

 Participles also have a present perfect form  This form adds having or having been to the past participle of the verb.  This form indicates a completed (finished) action.  Examples: ◦ Having completed her homework, Alyson decided to check for updates on her Facebook. ◦ Having been declared not guilty, Max Keenan ran to thank his daughter for her help.

 Consists or a participle and its modifiers and compliments  The entire phrase is used as an adjective.  Examples: ◦ Smiling broadly, Taylor Swift accepted the award. (The participial phrase modifies the noun Taylor Swift. The adverb broadly modifies the present participle smiling.) ◦ Proclaiming her innocence, the student vehemently denied her involvement in the vandalism of Senior Hall. (The phrase modifies the noun student. The noun innocence is the direct object of Proclaiming.)

◦ Annoyed by their reticence, the teacher assigned her class extra homework. (The whole phrase modifies the noun teacher. The adverb phrase by their reticence modifies the past participle Annoyed.) ◦ Georgia, formerly considered a member of the Soviet Union, declared its independence on April 9, (The phrase modifies the noun Georgia. Formerly modifies the verb considered. Of the Soviet Union modifies the noun member.)

 Exercise 3 on pp. 560.

 Consists of: ◦ A participle or participial phrase ◦ A noun or pronoun modified by the participle or participial phrase ◦ Any other modifiers of that noun or pronoun  The entire word group is used as an adverb to modify a clause in a sentence.  Remember, it is NOT a sentence unto itself!

 Their school day having been cancelled due to snow, Sarah and Emily stayed in and played video games all day.  Wearily the young boy trudged onward through the rough terrain, his loyal Alaskan husky keeping pace at his side.  Dr. McCoy said that, the transporter being such an unreliable device, he would rather take a shuttlecraft.

 Review B on pp. 561 – 562.

 A verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun.  Examples: ◦ Photographing athletes takes great skill and patience. (subject) ◦ Please stop whispering. (direct object) ◦ The issue is his lying. (predicate nominative) ◦ In answering, please give specific examples. (object of preposition)  Please do not confuse gerunds with present participles that are used as adjectives!

 Consists or a gerund and its modifiers and complements  The entire phrase is used as a noun.  Examples: ◦ Managing one’s time efficiently requires much planning and hard work. ◦ My cousin enjoys working as a mechanical engineer. ◦ Her greatest achievement was winning the Mock Trial state championship. ◦ We were fined for littering in the park.

 Exercise 4 on p. 563.

 Verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb  Most infinitives begin with to  Examples: ◦ To leave now would be rude. (subject) ◦ No one wants to go. (direct object) ◦ They are the team to beat. (adjective) ◦ We came to win. (adverb)

 Infinitives also have a present perfect form.  This form adds to have to the past participle and to have been to the present or past participle.  This form indicates a completed action.  Examples: ◦ To have met Gene Roddenberry would have pleased Bob. ◦ Harry Potter was known to have been involved in opening the Chamber of Secrets.

 Sometimes the to is omitted from an infinitive.  Examples: ◦ Let’s wait [to] here. ◦ The clowns made us [to] laugh. ◦ Help me [to] clean the house.

 Be careful where you put adjectives in infinitives!  Old School Rule: keep the infinitive intact (i.e. do not put the adjective between to and the verb) ◦ To run quickly ◦ To study efficiently ◦ To act accordingly  Splitting infinitives: can be done for style or emphasis, but generally should be avoided ◦ to boldly go where no one has gone before

 Consists of an infinitive and its modifiers and compliments  Entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb  Noun: To get a law degree is her goal.  Adjective: We have time to get locker break cookies.  Adverb: He is eager to give Sally her birthday present.

 Exercise 5 on p. 566

 A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it.  The appositive generally follows the noun or pronoun it describes.  Examples: ◦ My cousin Erin is an accomplished violinist and pianist. ◦ Dilithium, a crystal, is a common fuel source for Federation ships.  An appositive may be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis. ◦ Mollusks, both snails and clams, have shells.

 Consist of an appositive and its modifiers  Usually follows the noun or pronoun it describes. ◦ My husband’s car, a sporty black Chevy with a sunroof and spoiler, is parked in front of the house. ◦ Mrs. Hudson, the landlady of 221 Baker Street, is a sweet Scottish woman.  May precede the noun/pronoun it describes: ◦ Once a pagan feast, December 25 th is now widely celebrated as a Christian feast day.

 Exercise 6 on p. 568.