1. Speech /12 – 11/13
Mr. Verutes
Aim: What are Verbals and Verbal Phrases? How are they used in sentences? Do Now: Review the “Verbals” Lesson Handout . Then, answer the following review questions in 1-3 complete sentences: A. What is a participle? How is a participle used in a sentence? B. What is a gerund? How is a gerund used in a sentence? C. What is an infinitive? How is an infinitive used in a sentence?

2. Verbals – Verbs in Disguise
Participles – act as adjectives and have either present progressive tense (-ing) or past tense verb ending (-d, -ed, -n, -en, -t)
Gerunds – act as nouns and end in “-ing” (present progressive tense ending)
Infinitives – start with “to” (not the preposition) and act as a noun or adverb or adjective

3. Participles A participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective.
*How is an adjective used in a sentence?
Examples:
The rapidly developing storm kept small boats in port.
Pleased with his grade, the student smiled at the teacher.

4. Present Participles
Present participles are formed by adding –ing to the basic form of the verb.
Example: The student laughed like a howling hyena.

5. Past Participles
Past participles are formed by adding either –ed, -d, -t, -en, or –n to the plain form of the verb.
My cat had a bewildered look when the
water from the sink faucet suddenly
splashed him.

6. The gerund can be formed by adding –ing to the basic form of the verb:
Gerunds
A gerund is a verb form used as a noun.
*What jobs do nouns (or pronouns) do in sentences?
The gerund can be formed by adding –ing to the basic form of the verb:
Jog -> jogging
Jogging at night without reflective gear can be dangerous.

7. Gerunds can be used as: Example:
*Remember: A participle is a verb form that describes a noun. Therefore, a participle acts as an adjective.
Ex: These are jogging shoes.
Gerunds can be used as:
Example:
A subject
Jogging is a popular form of exercise.
A direct object
My cousin enjoys jogging. Enjoys what? jogging
An indirect object
He gives jogging all of his time. Gives all of his time to what? Jogging
The object of a preposition
These shoes are made for jogging.
A predicate nominative
His favorite hobby is jogging. Is what? jogging

8. An Infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word “to” plus a verb form and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
To wait for a response seemed foolish when action was required. (subject)
Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
She was about to leave for Europe. (object of a preposition)
His ambition is to fly an airplane. (predicate nominative subject complement)
He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective modifying strength)
We must study to learn. (adverb modifying must study)

9. Infinitives vs. Prepositional Phrases
Be sure not to confuse an infinitive—a verbal consisting of “to” plus a verb form—with a prepositional phrase beginning with “to”, which consists of “to” plus a noun or pronoun and any modifiers.
Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to catch, to belong
Prepositional Phrases: to him, to the committee, to my house, to the towering mountains, to all of us, to this address

10. Verbal Phrases Each verbal can begin a verbal phrase
The verbal phrase consists of the verbal, its complement(s), and any modifiers of the verbal and the complement(s)
EX: Waving his arms like a madman, he signaled the
class to be quiet.

11. An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and may include modifiers, complements, and/or prepositional phrases.
We intended to leave early.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb intended. to leave (infinitive) early (adverb)
I have a paper to write before class.
The infinitive phrase functions as an adjective modifying paper. to write (infinitive) before class (prepositional phrase)
She offered to give me a ride.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb offered. to give (infinitive) me (indirect object of the infinitive) a ride (direct object of the infinitive)

12. Classwork – Underline the verbal(s) or verbal phrase(s) in each exercise. Then, label the type of verbal or verbal phrase.
The man suspected of robbery shot at the security guard.
The flag waving in the wind is inspirational.
Godzilla made a game of smashing all of the red cars.
The politician's broken promises were all that the voters remembered.
James realized that missing the lecture every day was hurting his grade.

13. Classwork (continued)
The obstinate young man refused to accept defeat gracefully.
The swimmer, driven by the need to be the best in the world, made himself sick with anxiety.
He unsuccessfully tried to throw it to the third-baseman.
He wanted to cheer with excitement when he saw his report card.
He believed that planning for the future would make a difference in the end.

14. Homework
Complete the Verbals & Verbal Phrases Homework Worksheet

15. Speech 9
Mr. Verutes
Aim: REVIEW – Prepositional Phrases and Verbal Phrases. How does each function in a sentence? Do Now: 1. Take out the Verbals and Verbal Phrases Homework Worksheet. Pass the assignment to the front of each row to be marked for HW credit Complete on a separate sheet of loose-leaf in the classwork section of your binder. A. Write a sentence that includes a participle or a participle phrase. Circle the verbal or verbal phrase and draw an arrow to identify the noun or pronoun that the participle or participle phrase modifies. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Write a sentence that includes a gerund or a gerund phrase. Circle the verbal or verbal phrase and label it as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, or a predicate nominative. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. Write a sentence that includes an infinitive or an infinitive phrase. Circle the verbal or verbal phrase and label it as a subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or a predicate nominative if it functions as a noun. If it functions as an adjective or adverb, draw an arrow from the verbal to the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, or adverb it modifies. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Whole Class Review
Verbals and Verbal Phrases homework worksheet