Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology Unit # 3

Anatomical Position Standing straight, arms at side with palms facing up. –Any time you are referring to a reference points it is always related to this position.

Planes of Movement Frontal plane Saggital plane Transverse plane Body is cut into front and back Body is cut into right and left side Body is cut into top and bottom

Terminology Related to Positions –Medial : pertaining to middle –Lateral: pertaining to outside –Anterior: pertaining to front –Posterior: pertaining to back –Superior: pertaining to above –Inferior: pertaining to below –Proximal: nearest the center of the body –Distal: farthest from center of the body –Valgus: bending inward of a joint –Varus: bending outward of a joint

Terminology Related to Movement –Flexion: decreasing the angle of movement –Extension: return movement from flexion –Adduction: towards midline –Abduction: away from midline –Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position –Pronation: (occurs at wrist and ankle) downward motion –Supination: (occurs at wrist and ankle) upward motion

Terminology Related to Movement Cont…. –Eversion: (occurs at the ankle joint) when the sole of the foot is turned inward –Inversion: (occurs at the ankle joint) when the sole of the foot is turned outward –Protraction: when a segment glides forward –Retraction: when a segment glides backward –Rotation: when a bony segment or series of segments spins or turns on axis. –Circumduction: when a ball and socket joint encompasses several directions with one movement.

Terminology Related to Injury –Atrophy: decrease in the size/strength of tissue –Hypertrophy: increase in the size/strength of a tissue –Collagen: protein that gives structure to tissues; used in repair process –Fibrosis: process of repair –Ecchymosis: tissue discoloration caused by the extravasation (bleeding) of blood –Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to lack of venous return

Terminology Related to Injury Cont… –Edema: swelling in tissue –Effusion: swelling within joint capsule –Hypoxia: decrease supply of oxygen –Ischemia: lack of oxygen –Necrosis: death of a tissue –Sprain: partial or complete tearing of a ligament –Strain: partial or complete tearing of a muscle or tendon

Terminology Related to Injury Cont… –Dislocation: displacement of two bones at a joint –Subluxation: incomplete dislocation that spontaneously reduces itself –Crepitus: grating sound or feeling –Contusion: bruise –Symptom: athlete’s complaint –Sign: physical finding revealed in assessment

Terminology Related to Injury Cont… –Fracture: disruption in the continuity of a bone Open: bone end pierces skin Closed: bone end stays subcutaneous –Inflammation: reaction of a body tissue to an irritant (5 signs of inflammation) Pain/Tenderness Redness Increased production of heat Swelling Loss of function of that tissue

Terminology Related to Injury Cont… –Acute: recent, traumatic –Chronic: Long term –Analgesic: relieves pain –Anesthetic: loss of sensations –Reflex: involuntary action –Reaction: voluntary action –Spasm: sudden involuntary muscular contraction –Hernia: abnormal protrusion of an organ from it’s covering

Levels of Consciousness 1.Alert 2.Anxious/Agitated 3.Lethargic Well aware of environment stimuli Overreacts to environmental stimuli Can be awakened easily by sound/nudge and will answer questions: slow to respond to external stimuli

Levels of Consciousness 4. Stuporous 5. Unconscious 6. Comatose Falls asleep easily but can be awakened for short periods of time when an adequate external stimuli is applied Cannot answer questions, may pull away from painful stimuli Cannot be aroused no matter how many stimuli are applied.

Body Tissues Skin Bones Cartilage Muscles Tendons Ligaments

Skin First line of defense against external forces

Bones Three main purposes –Protect vital organs + structure –Muscles act upon them to create movement –Metabolically active (produces blood cells and store minerals)

Bones Cont…. The body contains approximately 206 bones Skeleton- axial skeleton (spine, thorax, skull) and appendicular skeleton (extremities) There are 4 types of bones –Short (metacarpal, phalanges) –Long (femur, humerus) –Flat (scapula, skull) –Irregular (vertebrae, carpals)

Bones Cont… Epiphysis- aka. growth plate –Is more susceptible to injury because of it being soft and immature. The bone will often break at the epiphysis secondary to it’s weakness.

Cartilage Joins bones together Absorbs shock Allows smooth bone movement

Meniscus

Muscles Allow the body to move with contractions

Tendons Attach muscle to bone and transmit force

Ligaments Connects bone together to form joints.

Classifications of Joints Diarthrodial Joints –they have joint capsule –they have synovial membrane –they have hyaline cartilage Two types are: –Multiaxial joints (ball and socket joints) –Hinge joints

Classification of Joints Amphiarthrodial Joints – have cartilage attaching 2 bones ( like ribs to sternum)

Classification of Joints Synarthrodial Joints –Fibrous joints –Held together by connective tissue –Joint is basically immoveable (skull and tibia and fibula)