1. Evaluation Techniques
Chapter 7

2. Anatomic Position
Anatomic Position – Individual standing in a forward-facing position with his or her arms hanging at the side and the palms of the hands visible from the front
Anatomic Position dictates the terminology used to describe the injury and the evaluation findings no matter what position the athlete is in at the time of injury

3. Anatomic Position

4. Body Planes
In the anatomic position, the body can be divided into three planes
Sagittal Plane
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Transverse (Axial or Horizontal) Plane
Every movement in the body occurs within one or more of these planes
These three planes divides the body equally into halves

5. Body Planes

6. Sagittal Plane
Separates the body down the center into two equal right and left halves
The line of the sagittal plane divides the head through the nose and mouth, down the chest all the way to the belly button, and then to the ground
Each side has one eye, one ear, one arm & one leg
Motions in this plane: Forward or Backward – Bending the knee or elbow or nodding the head

7. Sagittal Plane

8. Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides the body into front and back halves at approximately the ears and shoulders
Frontal plane involves any motion to the side
Motions in this plane: Raising the arms and legs to the side

9. Frontal (Coronal) Plane

10. Transverse (Axial or Horizontal) Plane
Divides the body in half at the waist, separating the top of the body from the bottom
Motions in this plane: Rotation at the waist from left to right

11. Transverse (Axial or Horizontal) Plane

12. Surface Anatomy Anterior – Front of the body (before or in front of)
Posterior – Back of the body (toward the rear of back)
Associated with the frontal plane
Midline of the body
Associated with the sagittal plane – Imaginary line that divides the body into equal halves (through the nose and umbilicus)
Medial – side of the described body part that is closest to the midline
Lateral – the part that is farthest from the midline

13. Surface Anatomy Proximal – Body part that is closest to the heart
Distal – Body part that is farther from the torso and closer to the end of an extremity
Superior (cephal) – Part closest to the top of the body
Inferior (caudal) – farther away and closer to the feet

14. Nomenclature/Terminology
Flexion – bending of a joint usually with the distal point of the extremity moving closer to the proximal aspect
Extension – moving the joint in the opposite direction or straightening the limb – Sending the most distal point back to its farthest position
Both can be observed in the sagittal plane

15. Nomenclature/Terminology
Dorsiflexion – movement of the dorsum of the foot (top) toward the heart
Plantarflexion – moves the plantar surface (sole or bottom) away from the heart
Observed in the sagittal plane
Abduction – movement away from the midline or center of the body
Adduction – moving the extremity back toward the center of the body

16. Nomenclature/Terminology
Eversion – moving outward away from the midline of the body
Inversion – moving toward the midline
Valgus – Forces the joint toward the midline of the body and the distal end of the extremity away from the midline
Varus – Forces the joint away from the midline and the distal end of the extremity toward the midline

17. Nomenclature/Terminology
Internal Rotation – Moves the ball of the ball and socket joint toward the midline
External Rotation – Moves the ball of the ball and socket joint away from the midline
Pronation – Rotates the hand until it is facing downward
Supination – Rotates the hand to the opposite direction so the palm is facing upward

18. Body Regions

19. Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants

20. Bones

21. The Posterior Side

22. The Spine

23. Muscles

24. Lower Leg

25. Muscles of the Femoral Region

26. The Upper/ Lower Back

27. Muscles of anterior Trunk

28. Muscles of the Arm