1. Body Systems
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system is made up of the bones and joints and consists of 206 bones.
Its functions are :
* movement
* protection
* support
* red blood cell production
* mineral storage.

3. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE TYPES :

4. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE TYPES :
LONG

5. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE TYPES :
LONG
SHORT

6. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE TYPES :
FLAT
LONG
SHORT

7. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE TYPES :
FLAT
LONG
IRREGULAR
SHORT

8. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM FLAT LONG IRREGULAR SHORT SESAMOID BONE TYPES :
Enclosed in tendon

9. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM skull clavicle mandible scapula sternum ribs
vertebrae
humerus
radius
ulna
pelvis
femur

10. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM LEG carpals digits femur HAND metacarpals tarsals
tibia
fibula
FOOT
metatarsals

11. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CURVATURES OF THE
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN

12. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) saccrum
CURVATURES OF THE
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
saccrum
(5 fused )
coccyx
(4 fused)

13. JOINTS
There are 3 classifications of joints:
1. FIBROUS ( immovable )

14. JOINTS skull There are 3 classifications of joints:
1. FIBROUS ( immovable )
skull

15. JOINTS skull pelvis There are 3 classifications of joints:
1. FIBROUS ( immovable )
skull
pelvis

16. Check-up
Why are bones, such as those in the cranium, connected by fibrous joints rather than being large, single bones?

17. JOINTS There are 3 classifications of joints:
2. CARTILAGENOUS ( semi-moveable )

18. JOINTS ribs to sternum There are 3 classifications of joints:
2. CARTILAGENOUS ( semi-moveable )
ribs to sternum

19. JOINTS ribs to sternum pubic bones
There are 3 classifications of joints:
2. CARTILAGENOUS ( semi-moveable )
ribs to sternum
pubic bones

20. JOINTS There are 3 classifications of joints: 3. SYNOVIAL
( freely moveable )
( controlled by muscles )

21. JOINTS There are 3 classifications of joints: 3. SYNOVIAL
( freely moveable )
( controlled by muscles )

22. JOINTS There are 6 different types of synovial joints BALL & SOCKET -
The ball or head of one bones inserts into the socket or cup of another.
Eg: shoulder / hip.
HINGE –
Allows movement in one plane only ( flexion & extension ).
Eg: elbow / knee.
PIVOT –
One bone rotated around another.
Eg: atlas & axis.
GLIDING –
Bones glide or slide across each other.
Eg: carpals / tarsals.
SADDLE –
One bone sits atop another like a saddle on a horse.
Eg: thumb.
CONDYLOID –
Bones articulate together ( butt up against each ) but without the ball and socket structure
This allows not only flexion & extension but some circumduction – eg: wrist

23. JOINTS There are 6 different types of synovial joints BALL & SOCKET -
The ball or head of one bones inserts into the socket or cup of another.
Eg: shoulder / hip.
HINGE –
Allows movement in one plane only ( flexion & extension ).
Eg: elbow / knee.
PIVOT –
One bone rotated around another.
Eg: atlas & axis.
GLIDING –
Bones glide or slide across each other.
Eg: carpals / tarsals.
SADDLE –
One bone sits atop another like a saddle on a horse.
Eg: thumb.
CONDYLOID –
Bones articulate together ( butt up against each ) but without the ball and socket structure
This allows not only flexion – extension but some circumduction – eg: wrist

24. JOINTS
All synovial joints have the same features :

25. JOINTS All synovial joints have the same features : HYALINE CARTILAGE
Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction

26. JOINTS All synovial joints have the same features : HYALINE CARTILAGE
Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction
JOINT CAPSULE
Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint

27. JOINTS All synovial joints have the same features : HYALINE CARTILAGE
Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction
JOINT CAPSULE
Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Lines the inside of the capsule / produces & secretes synovial fluid

28. JOINTS
All synovial joints have the same features : . . .
HYALINE CARTILAGE
Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction . . . . . . .
JOINT CAPSULE
Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint . . . . . . . . . .
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Lines the inside of the capsule / produces & secretes synovial fluid . . . . . . .
SYNOVIAL FLUID
Lubricates the inside of the joint

29. JOINTS
All synovial joints have the same features : . . .
HYALINE CARTILAGE
Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction . . . . . . .
JOINT CAPSULE
Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint . . . . . . . . . .
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Lines the inside of the capsule / produces & secretes synovial fluid . . . . . . .
SYNOVIAL FLUID
Lubricates the inside of the joint
LIGAMENTS
Hold bones together / control movement

30. Activity and Dietary Influence on the Skeletal Health
Vitamins and minerals are essential in maintaining skeletal health.
Vitamin A – Bone development (Egg Yolks, Liver)
Vitamin C – Collagen production, providing bones with tensile strength, forming cement-like skeleton.
Vitamin D – influences rate of growth in developing bones, promoting calcium absorption from the digestive tract.
Many studies have positively link weight-bearing activity with the healthy rates of bone growth in length and width.
Higher bone-density levels are desired, can be developed through resistance training, often reducing the severity of osteoporosis.

31. Unit Check-Up
Why is the shoulder joint more likely to dislocate than the hip joint?
Discuss what would happen to a football player if they had an artificial ball and socket joint inserted to replace a badly damaged knee joint?
Which bones are more likely to be injured when playing a contact sport such as Australian Rules football: those of the axial or the appendicular skeleton? Briefly explain the reason for your selection.
Torn cartilages are common when synovial joints are force to move beyond their normal range of motion These are easily repaired via a procedure known as arthroscopy. Research what this involves and discuss how a small tear can be fixed.

32. 4. JOINTS MOVEMENT POTENTIAL OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Supination
Pronation
Eversion
Inversion
Dorsi-flexion
Plantar-flexion
Flexion: decrease in joint angle.
Extension:Increase in joint angle.
Abduction:Movement away from midline.
Adduction: Movement towards midline.
Circumduction: Movement so that the end of bone describes a circle
Rotation: Movement around a central axis.
Supination: Forearm movement so that radius &ulna are parallel. ie., palms up.
Pronation: Crossing of ulna and radius. ie., palms down.
Eversion: Movement of sole of foot outward at ankle.
Inversion: Movement of the sole inward at ankle.
Dorsi-flexion: raising of toes/foot towards tibia.
Plantar-flexion: pointing of toes.

33. MOVEMENT FLEXION The angle between the bones decreases.
Eg: bicep curl – UP

34. MOVEMENT FLEXION The angle between the bones decreases.
Eg: bicep curl – UP
FLEXION
EXTENSION
The angle between the bones increases.
Eg: bicep curl – DOWN

35. MOVEMENT FLEXION The angle between the bones decreases.
Eg: bicep curl – UP
FLEXION
EXTENSION
The angle between the bones increases.
Eg: bicep curl – DOWN
EXTENSION

36. MOVEMENT ABDUCTION To take away from the midline of body
Eg: arm raise– UP

37. MOVEMENT ABDUCTION To take away from the midline of body
Eg: arm raise– UP
ADDUCTION
To bring back to the midline of the body
Eg: arm lowered– DOWN

38. MOVEMENT ABDUCTION To take away from the midline of body
ADDUCTION
ABDUCTION
To take away from the midline of body
Eg: arm raise– UP
ADDUCTION
To bring back to the midline of the body
Eg: arm lowered– DOWN

39. MOVEMENT ROTATION Movement around an axis
Eg: turning head left & right

40. MOVEMENT ROTATION Movement around an axis
Eg: turning head left & right
CIRCUMDUCTION
Bone makes a cone shape as it moves
Eg: circling the arms.

41. MOVEMENT ROTATION Movement around an axis
Eg: turning head left & right
CIRCUMDUCTION
Bone makes a cone shape as it moves
Eg: circling the arms.

42. MOVEMENT SUPINATION – Forearm is rotated to face palm UP.
PRONATION – Forearm is rotated to face palm DOWN.
PLANTAR FLEXION – Point toes down or raise up onto tippy toes.
DORSI FLEXION – Raise toes up higher than the heels.
INVERSION – Sole of the foot is turned to face inwards.
EVERSION – Sole of the foot is turned to face outwards.

43. REVISION QUESTIONS 1. The function of the skeletal system is to:
A/ provide protection of vital organs.
B/ allow movement.
C/ blood cell production
D/ mineral storage
E/ all of the above
F/ none of the above.
2. Which of the following form the axial skeleton ?
A/ skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column
B/ skull, shoulder girdle, spine, pelvic girdle
C/ skull, sternum, humerus, pelvis, femur
D/ shoulder girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs
3. Which of the following are examples of long bones ?
A/ face, vertebrae , femur, carpals
B/ pelvis, tarsals , humerus, digits
C/ metatarsals, digits, tibia, radius
D/ skull, ulna, femur, metacarpals

44. REVISION QUESTIONS
4. From inferior to superior the curvatures of the spine are the:
A/ lumbar, sacral, cervical, thoracic.
B/ cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.
C/ sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical.
D/ thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical
5. Bones are attached to each other mainly by means of:
A/ ligaments
B/ muscle
C/ tendons
D/ skin
6. Which of the following is NOT a category of joint ?
A/ cartilagenous
B/ fibrous
C/ hyaline
D/ synovial

45. REVISION QUESTIONS
7. Which of the following is an example of a saddle joint ?
A/ the base of the thumb
B/ the ankle
C/ the knee
D/ the hip
8. The function of the hyaline cartilage is to:
A/ protect the bone.
B/ reduce friction in the joint.
C/ grease the surface of the joint.
D/ all of the above.
E/ none of the above.
9. Ball and socket joints permit the following movements:
A/ flexion, extension, plantar flexion, supination
B/ rotation, circumduction, eversion, inversion
C/ adduction, abduction, dorsi flexion, plantar flexion
D/ flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.

46. REVISION QUESTIONS
10. Which of the following joints permits rotation only :
A/ gliding
B/ pivot
C/ hinge
D/ ball and socket
11. Whilst carrying a tray in front of the body with the hands lying flat under the tray:
A/ the hands are flexed.
B/ the hands are extended.
C/ the hands are supinated.
D/ the hands are pronated.
12. The movement “adduction” involves :
A/ a decrease in the joint angle
B/ an increase in the joint angle
C/ taking a body part away from the midline of the body
D/ taking a body part towards the midline of the body