America Claims an Empire Sections 3 and 4: Acquiring New Lands America as a World Power

Bell Ringer: What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? ▫Cease Fire ▫Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S. ▫Sold the Philippines to the U.S for $20 million

Section 3: Acquiring New Lands

Ruling Puerto Rico U.S. made no promises to Puerto Rico regarding independence or statehood Strategically important to US ▫Presence in the Caribbean ▫Protecting future canal U.S. wanted to build 1900: Congress passed Foraker Act ▫Ended military rule and set up a civil government  US President could appoint governor  Upper House of legislature  Puerto Ricans select lower house of legislature ▫1901 Insular Cases  Supreme Court said Constitution did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories

Cuba and the United States American troops occupied Cuba (though independent) ▫Same officials under Spain remained in office ▫Military government provided food, clothing, etc. 1900: Cuba wrote Constitution 1901: U.S. insisted addition of Platt Amendment ▫Cuba could not make treaties with foreign governments that limit its independence ▫U.S. could intervene in Cuba ▫Cuba could not go into debt ▫U.S. could buy or lease land for naval stations

Protectorates U.S. army would not withdraw until they added the Platt Amendment: becomes a protectorate ▫A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Why? ▫Most important reasons for U.S. to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba was to protect American businesses that had invested in Cuba: sugar, tobacco, mining

Filipinos Rebel Philippine-American War ▫February 1899 ▫U.S. assumed same role that Spain had played ▫Forced to live in designated zones ▫3 years to put down the rebellion  20,000 Filipinos died  4,000 Americans  $400 million – 20 times the price US paid to purchase Why did Filipinos feel betrayed? ▫Felt that U.S. had promised them independence

Foreign Influence in China France, Germany, Britain, Japan and Russia established “spheres of influence” ▫Areas where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges Why did western powers seek to establish spheres of influence in China? ▫Vast potential market ▫Had already established prosperous settlements along coast of China

More Influence in China Who was John Hay? ▫U.S. Secretary of State What were the Open Door Notes? ▫Series of policy statements he issued in 1899 ▫Afraid U.S. traders would be shut out of China ▫Letters addressed to leaders of imperialist nations proposing they share trading rights with U.S. ▫Creating an “open door” ▫No nation would have a monopoly on trade in China

The Boxer Rebellion Europeans dominated most large cities Chinese resentment grew Secret societies to rid county of “foreign devils” (Boxers) Consequences ▫Killed hundreds of missionaries and foreigners ▫International force put down rebellion

Open Door Policy Reflects American Beliefs Growth of U.S. economy depended on exports U.S. had right to intervene to protect foreign markets Feared closing of an area to America threatened U.S. survival

Section 4: America as a World Power

Foreign Policy Under Roosevelt Russo-Japanese War ▫Russia declares war on Japan over Korea ▫Roosevelt mediates peace negotiations between Japan and Russia (Treaty of Portsmouth) ▫Won him Nobel Peace Prize and enhanced US position in the world Wanted U.S. to be prominent power in Caribbean and Central America Used Monroe Doctrine ▫1823, issued by Pres. James Monroe- stay out of Latin America

Panama Canal By the early 20th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama It would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans How did U.S. gain control of land needed to build the canal? ▫Supported a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia ▫Paid $10 million + annual rent to Panama for land across Panama

The Roosevelt Corollary Latin American foreign policy Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine 1904 ▫U.S. could use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America. ▫Justified American intervention ▫Expanded U.S. role in Caribbean and Central America

Foreign Policy Under Taft Dollar Diplomacy ▫U.S. government guarantees loans made to foreign countries by American business people ▫U.S. use force if necessary to protect its interests (Roosevelt Corollary) ▫Marines sent to Central American countries to protect our interests Supported private investments overseas Expansion of U.S. influence in the world

Foreign Policy Under Wilson Missionary Diplomacy ▫US had moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to US interests ▫Pressured nations in Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments

Rebellion in Mexico Missionary Diplomacy put to the test ▫1911 Mexican Revolution ▫1914 came close to war with Mexico Mexican leaders: ▫Francisco “Pancho” Villa ▫Emiliano Zapata  Both led attacks against Americans along the Mexico-American border Brigadier General John J. Pershing was sent to capture Villa ▫Tensions escalated, but both sides backed down

So, why imperialism? America’s interference with events in Latin America only prove that we were buying into the idea of imperialism ▫We felt we had a superior government ▫We wanted to extend our beliefs outward Achieved 3 foreign policy goals: 1.Expanded access to foreign markets 2.Built a modern navy to protect our interests abroad 3.Exercised international power to ensure dominance in Latin America