Congress of Vienna Countries/People Russia Prussia Austria  Metternich Great Britain France Alliances created Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria (feared the spread of Revolutions) Concert of Europe : Help each other if revolution occurred Goals (Metternich) 1.Prevent future French aggression 2.Restore Balance of power 3.Restore Royal Families Legacy Power shift to G.B. and Prussia Nationalism spread: Italy & Germany Democracy

The Conservative Order and the Challenged of Reform Age of isms: nationalism, liberalism, republicanism, socialism, communism The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism

The Political Spectrum Jacobins Montagnards (“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen (Royalists) 1790s: The Plain (swing votes) TODAY:

Emergence of Nationalism What is nationalism? –Nation composed of people who are joined together Common customs, culture, history –Should have the same government »Political and ethnic boundaries should be the same

Nationalism opposes Congress of Vienna –What provides political unity? Nationalism  ethnicity Vienna Settlement  monarchies/dynasties –Popular sovereignty People determined national character What about minority groups? –Majority rules?

Fate of Nationalism People had no say over territorial changes Language, nationality, and religion weren’t taken into consideration Ideas of democracy and self-government were rejected by European leadership Soon enough, concessions were made

Creating new Nations Language impacts the spread of nationalism –Local dialects replaced Part of a nation –Spread social and political advancement Nationhood Definition: economic and administrative efficiency –Unite Germany and Italy –Could every groups become a nation? NO! Needed economic stability and power

Results of the Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe – group of leading nations which periodically met to discuss issues regarding stability –Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals International peace – no general (multi- national) war in Europe until World War I a hundred years later –Small Conflicts Crimean War ( ) Austro-Prussian War (1866) Franco-Prussian War ( )

Nationalistic Pressure around Europe England rule Ireland –“Irish Problem” Unite all German-speaking people –Pitting Prussia against Austria Unite Italian-speaking people –Isolate Austrian control Poland –against Russian ruler Eastern Europe –against Austrian empire Southeastern Europe –against Ottoman and Russian control

Early 19 th Century Political Liberalism 19 th century definition: –Liberalism  challenge political, social or religious values Considered more radical than they actually were Who were the liberals? –Wealthy and educated professionals Relationship between Nationalism & Liberalism –Not identical, but could be compatible

Political Goals Goal: limit the power of arbitrary gov’t –Locke Theory  responsible constitutional gov’t But… –Contempt for aristocracy and the lower classes with no property –Representation to those with property

Economic Goals Liberals wanted to be divided from lower class –No gov’t regulation of economics No mercantilism No gov’t restrictions on labor and goods –Differed around Europe

Conservative Governments

Conservative Outlooks Conservative power remains People –Legitimate monarchies »Feared revolution and execution (like Louis) –Aristocracy »Feared loss of land and influence –Established churches »Responsible for education and maintaining status quo Only supported representative gov’t if they wrote the constitution FEARED –Liberalism, nationalism and popular sovereignty

Conservative governments faced new PRESSURE Unemployment –No military industries Raise new political ideas –Not focused on war Especially the young Key European people –Metternich: devoted to Habsburg emperor –Castlereagh: British

Conservative Response to Liberalism and Nationalism Austria People: Response: Prussia People: Response: G.B. People: Response: France People: Response:

Using your notes Complete Table Work on Thesis #2

Political Discontent Russia (1825)  Suppression France (1830)  Revolution Belgium  Independence Britain (1832)  Accommodation

Russia: Decembrist Revolt of 1825

The Decembrist Revolt, 1825 Tsar Alexander I –Against liberalism & nationalism Military Unrest –Military coup d’etat in 1826 Southern Society: representative gov’t, end serfdom, Polish independence Northern Society: constitutional monarchy, end serfdom, protect aristocracy Dynastic Crisis –1 st Crisis: Constantine or Nicholas –2 nd Crisis: Decembrist revolt Moscow regiment refused to swear allegiance

Nicholas I Most reactionary: turned against all reform Official Nationality –“Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism” Russian language, customs and religion were wisdom Revolt in Poland –Poland proclaimed independence from Russia Nicholas sent troops Suppress all liberal and national movements with force

Revolution of France 1830

Charles X Believer in Divine Right Reactionary Policies –Emphasis on returning aristocracy and Catholicism –Liberal reaction through voting FAILED Charles replaced ministry with ultra-royalists –Prince de Polignac –Liberal negotiated with liberal side of royal family for constitutional monarchy »Feared Rpublic

July Revolution, 1830 –Liberals win majority Royalists attempt to seize power –Four Ordinances: dissolved Chamber of Deputies –People of Paris react (alliance between laborers and middle class) 1830 Charles X sends troops 1,800 die and the king flees (Last Bourbon King) Louis Philippe becomes King –Push for Constitutional Monarchy

Louis Philippe “King of the French” –Tri-color flag –No official religion or censorship Little/no sympathy for working class –Worker revolts continued Continued control of Algeria and Northern Africa –France was an Empire

Belgium Nationalism leads to Independence –Congress of Vienna merged Holland and Belgium Different languages, economy and religion –Independence in 1830 Pre-curser to World War I –Germany will invade Belgium, leading to English involvement in War

Great Britain

Political & Economic Reform Spirit of Accommodation/Compromise 1.Large commercial and industrial class Cannot ignore their interests without damaging England’s prosperity 2.Moderate reforms supported (Whigs) No need for revolution 3.British law, tradition and public opinions showed respect for individual liberties

Events that led to the Great Reform Bill Britain’s response to popular uprising –Accommodation  No revolution Economic reform –Allow economic freedom –Support labor unions Religious reform –Catholic Emancipation Act Legislating Change –The Great Reform Bill

Catholic Emancipation Act Goal  To maintain peace in Ireland 1.First Step Send Protestant representatives to Parliament Problem: Most Irish are Catholic 2.Second: Irish elect Catholics (Daniel O’Connel) If England doesn’t let them “sit” there will be revolution

Liberal or Conservative Catholic Emancipation –Liberal measure, Conservative purpose Maintain order in Ireland But… –Increased property requirement to vote

The Great Reform Bill Increased voters –kept land and gender requirement Some workers LOST the right to vote Results –No need for revolution Orderly reform –Church, gov’t, commerce –Same government More people influencing

1848 Revolutions France Habsburg Empire Italy Germany

Year of Revolutions No single factor led to Revolutions + Food shortage + Economic depression (industry) + High unemployment + Wretched living conditions = frustration Liberal working class joined with political liberals –Dramatic change in ONE YEAR NATIONALISM

What changes occurred? –Failed to establish genuine liberal and/or national governments –Failed to combine political reform with social reform Liberals failed to unite all social classes Liberals fell to the armies of the reactionary class

Exceptions to Revolution Russia  Why? –Inability to communicate –Poland’s revolts were spread-out and failed Switzerland  –Strong Army –Developed a Federalist state to minimize complete control Great Britain  Why? –Policy of accommodation Great Reform Act of 1832 –Pacify middle class Catholic Emancipation Act –Suppression of Irish revolts –Repeal of Corn Laws

France In the beginning… –Economic depression –June Days of Violence –Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected Hope for stability and greatness  FAIL Ego! End Result –Emperor Napoleon III –Monarchy  republic  monarchy  republic  monarchy 

Habsburg Empire Nationalism Resisted! –Susceptible to Revolution Borders broke up ethnicities Serfdom Rebellions spread Vienna Uprising –Louis Kossuth: Magyar Nationalist + Students –Metternich & Ferdinand Fled –Major Result  Abolished serfdom

March Laws: Ferdinand forced to sign –Equality of religion, jury trials, press –Nobility pay taxes –Election of lower chamber –Liberals vs. Nationals Liberal political structure No autonomy within borders Magyar Revolt –Desire separate state for Hungarians –Austria vs. Hungary Austria and Nationalists against Magyars

1890

Hungary

Czech Nationalism –National equality for Slavs Who were Slavs? Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs Goal: ONE Slavic state –Free from Ottoman and Habsburg control –Led to conflict between Germans and Slavs Czech nationalism FAILED

The Age of Metternich Figure Type of Control Happily working together to control Europe 2.Attitude of statesmen toward power Carefree Solved the problem of Napoleon Created a new order that they control 3.“dream” Europe would follow their dictates/demands/design 4.Title? “All is right with the world.”

Figure By 1830, how were leaders divided? No longer worked together to maintain conservative governments 2.What impact did the Old Order possess? Some still worked together to suppress rebellion 3.New weaknesses? Britain did not support conservative regimes Liberal regimes in France & Belgium 4.Title? “We Need Help?

Figure Why did the old order lose control? Large # of revolutions Earlier breakdown of unity 2.To what extent was a completely new order established? Mostly old-order was re- established 3.Why did change take place in this fashion? Conservatives used force, force rejected them 4.Title? 1.“It’s all over.”

Italy Austria faced Nationalism in Northern Italy Nationalists & Liberals hoped for unification –Turned to Pope Pius IX (liberal) –Radicals forced Republic  Pope fled Returned to war France protects Rome –Why? Wanted weak nation to the south

Germany Revolutions –Wanted unification & liberal government Prussia –Frederick William IV moved towards… Unification Liberal government reforms (constitution) –Suffrage –Three-class voting: based on ability to pay taxes

Frankfurt Parliament –Goal: write a constitution Purpose: liberal unification of Germany –Alienated conservatives & working class How do you unify? –Large or Small Created a constitution –Asked Frederick William IV to RULE He refused Kings ruled by the grace of God, not by the will of man  CONSERVATIVE Impact: small conservative, constitutional changes in Germany

Prussia Austria Frankfurt