인간의 유래 · 인간의 정체 식품영양학과 변대석. 생명의 탄생과 진화 생명 ( 생명체 ) 란 무엇인가 ? 생물이란 자기구축을 행하는 일종의 화학적 기계 자기구축이란 자신을 만드는 것 ( 개체의 유지 ) 과 자손을 만드는것 ( 종의 번식 ) 유전자 : 생명활동에 대한.

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인간의 유래 · 인간의 정체 식품영양학과 변대석

생명의 탄생과 진화

생명 ( 생명체 ) 란 무엇인가 ? 생물이란 자기구축을 행하는 일종의 화학적 기계 자기구축이란 자신을 만드는 것 ( 개체의 유지 ) 과 자손을 만드는것 ( 종의 번식 ) 유전자 : 생명활동에 대한 모든 정보가 씌어 있는 설계도 생물은 이것을 부모로 부터 물려 받아 설계도 대로 자기구축을 시행 생물의 특징 : 고도의 자기조절과 유지 능력 보유. 자기를 재생산, 진화, 집단 또는 사회적 존재 공통의 특성 : 세포라는 기본단위 구조 보유. DNA 가 갖고 있는 정보에 기초해서 생명활동 영위

생명의 기원 (1) 고대 이집트 신화 공기의 신과 습기의 여신이 대지의 신과 하늘의 신을 낳고 이들이 결혼해서 오시리스, 아이시스, 세스, 네프티스를 낳았다. 이들이 만물을 창조하였다. 우주기원설 최초의 생명은 지구 밖에서 왔다. Richter 가 제안 Arrhenius 의 panspermia 설 ( 생명의 싹은 우주 공간 구석 구석에 표류하고 있다 ) Orgel 의 새로운 panspermia 설

창조론 : 성경의 창세기 진화론 라마르크설 : 진화를 처음으로 제안. 미세한 원시 생물로부터 차차 복잡한 생물로 발달. 용불용설 제안 다윈설 : 적자 생존과 자연도태에 의해 새로운 종형성 ( 자연 선택설 ) 돌연변이설 : 드브리스에 의해 제안 돌연변이와 자연선택이 밀접한 관련이 있다. 정향진화설 : 생물은 그 자신이 진화해 가는 방향이 정해져 있어 그 방향으로 진전해 간다. 생명의 기원 (2)

생명의 기원 (3) 다윈과 진화론 18C 까지는 종의 안정성, 불변성, 고정성을 믿어 모든 생물체는 서로 명확히 구분되는 종들로 이루어져 있고 이 종들은 변하지 않는다고 믿었다. 다윈은 갈라파고스 군도 여행시 관찰 화석으로만 본 동물을 실제 관찰 지역에 따라 같은 종들이 서로 차이가 남 수십마일 떨어진 섬들에서 각각 다른 동식물 분포 발견 종이 시간과 지역에 따라 서로 다르고, 종의 진화에 미치는 영향이 기후 풍토 등 물리 조건만이 아니라 자연에 의한 선택도 가능하다고 결론. 종의 기원발표 (1858 년 )

생명의 기원 (4) Oparin 의 화학 진화설 지구 탄생 46 억년 전. 최초의 생명체 탄생 40 억년 전 무기물에서 최초의 생명체가 탄생하는데 6 억년 소요 이 과정을 4 단계로 설명 1 단계 - 무기물에서 formaldehyde, 시안화 수소 등 저분자 유기물질 생성 2 단계 - 아미노산, 핵산염기, 당, 지방산 등 비교적 고분자 유기물 생성 3 단계 - 단백질, 핵산, 다당류, 지질 등 생체 고분자 생성 4 단계 - 대사기능을 갖는 다분자 계의 생성과 진화

지구탄생 원시대기 (H ₂ O, H ₂, CO ₂, HCl, H ₂ S 등 ) 원시 유기물질 (formaldehyde, 시안화 수소 ) 저분자 생물물질 ( 아미노산, 당, 지방산, 핵산, 염기등 ) 고분자 생물물질 ( 펩타이드, 다당류, 지질, 핵산등 ) RNA 계 DNA 계

원핵 단세포 생물 ( 세균, 남조류 등 ) 진핵 생물 출현 ( 원생동물, 조류 등 ) 다세포 생물 ( 삼엽충, 먼체류, 해면류 등 ) 육상생물 ( 양서류, 절족동물, 양치류 등 )

Human Evolution

Today’s Objectives How do humans differ from apes? Skeleton, organs, culture Why was Homo erectus so successful as an early hominid? What happened to Neandertals? Be able to briefly trace the cultural development of: tools, fire, clothing, shelter, art What is so important about the Upper Palaeolithic?

Theories of Evolution Origin Myths/Cosmologies Greek – Prometheus Genesis Left: Prometheus and Athena Top: God and Adam Western examples

Carl Sagan’s Universe Calendar 24 days = 1 billion years 1 second = 475 years “Big Bang”January 1 Milky WayMay 1 Solar SystemSeptember 9 Life on EarthSeptember 25 Humanlike Primates December 31, 10:30pm Milky Way

Theories of Evolution Darwin and Wallace, 1850s Evolution theory holds that existing species of plants and animals have emerged over millions of years from simple organisms. Darwin, On the origin of species, 1859 Influenced by the principle of uniformitarianism Charles Darwin

Theories of Evolution - Corollaries Darwin’s principle of natural selection “Natural selection is the gradual process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment.” For natural selection to work on a given population, there must be variety within that population and competition for strategic resources. The concept of natural selection argues that organisms which have a better fit within their environmental niche will reproduce more frequently than those organisms that fit less well.

Theories of Evolution - Corollaries Random genetic drift is the loss of alleles from a population's gene pool through chance. Mutation introduces genetic variation into a breeding population. Gene flow occurs through interbreeding: the transmission of genetic material from one population to another. Gene flow decreases differences and inhibits speciation, the formation of new species.

Theories of Evolution - Corollaries Mendel’s principle of inheritance, 1856 The science of genetics explains the origin of the variety upon which natural selection operates. By experimenting with successive generations of pea plants, Mendel came to the conclusion that heredity is determined by discrete particles, the effects of which may disappear in one generation, and reappear in the next.

Other Theories CreationismCreationism accounts for biological diversity by referring to the divine act of Creation as described in Genesis. CatastrophismCatastrophism is a modified version of Creationism, which accounts for the fossil record by positing divinely authored worldwide disasters that wiped out the creatures represented in the fossil record, who were then supplanted by newer, created species. Intelligent DesignIntelligent Design states that modern physics and cosmology have uncovered evidence for intelligence in the structure of the universe and this intelligence seems to act with us in mind and that the universe as a whole shows evidence of design.

인류의 진화

Early Primates Prosimians (65mya) Monkeys (35mya) Apes (23mya) Hominids (5mya)

Early Primates - Traits Common physical primate traits: Dense hair or fur covering Warm-blooded Live young Suckle Infant dependence Common social primate traits: Social life Play Observation and imitation Pecking order Common Primate Traits

Primate Family Tree Crown lemur Orangutan

Evolution of Bipedalism Anatomical changes Neck (1), chest (2), lower back (3), hips and pelvis (4), thighs (5), knees (6), feet (7) Theories Tool use and bipedalism (Darwin/Washburn) Energy efficiency and bipedalism (Isbell/Young) Radiator theory (Falk) Body temperature and bipedalism (Wheeler) Habitat variability and bipedalism (Potts) Reproduction and bipedalism (Lovejoy) Canine reduction and bipedalism (Jolly) (Click for interactive skeleton)

Pre-hominid Evolution Reconstruction of Australopithecine Ardipithecus ramidus ? mya A. anamensis A. afarensis A. bahrelghazali A. africanus P. aethiopicus A. garhi ? P. boisei P. robustus Bipedalism Tools Language

Hominid Evolution Homo habilis (2.0 – 1.6mya) H. rudolfensis ( mya) H. erectus (1.9-27kyBP) H. heidelbergensis ( kyBP) H. neanderthalensis (300-30kyBP) H. sapiens (130kyBP – present) Scale: Millions of Years BP

Hominid Evolution Major Homo advances: Brain size Better bipedalism Hunting Fire (H. erectus) Tools Oldowon (H. habilis) Acheulean (H. erectus) Mousterian (H. heidelbergensis) Solutrean (H. sapiens) Built shelters (H. heidelbergensis) Clothing (H. neandertalensis) Language (Neandertals?)

Homo habilis Artist’s representation of a Homo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago. 612 cc brain mya first toolmaker prognathic face, brow ridge probable meat-eater possibly arboreal discovered in 1960 by Leakeys no speech

H. habilis v. H. erectus Finds in east Africa indicate that Homo habilis was not very different from the australopithecines in terms of body size and shape. The earliest Homo erectus remains indicate rapid biological change. The fossil record for the transition from H. habilis to H. erectus supports the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution. H. erectus was considerably taller and had a larger brain than H. habilis.

Homo erectus Eugene Dubois discovers H. erectus in Java Dubois calls it Pithecanthropus erectus initially, also dubbed “Java Man” finds in China called Sinanthropus dates from 1.9 mya to 27,000 years B.P. 994 cc brain size (compare to 612 for H. habilis) Acheulean tool industry Photograph of Nariokotome boy, an early Homo erectus found near Lake Turkana, Kenya.

Homo erectus – 1.9mya to 27k yBP Why was H. erectus so successful? Less sexual dimorphism = possible pair bonds, marriage Less hair on body = wearing of furs, other clothing Wearing of furs = ability to live further north Quick adaptation to environment without physical changes Culture is main reason H. erectus was so successful organization for hunting ability to protect against predators control of fire? possible campsites tools (Acheulean industry) Distribution of H. erectus

Homo neanderthalensis discovered in the Neander Valley (Tal) near Dusseldorf, 1856 massive brain--about 1,400cc on average large torso, short limbs, broad nasal passages later remains show decrease in robustness of the front teeth and face, suggesting use of tools replaced teeth retained occipital torus, some mid-facial prognathism The skull of the classic Neandertal found in 1908 at La Chapelle-aux- Saints.

Neandertal Culture Homesites – In caves, also in the open (near rivers, framed with wood and covered with skins) Burial – Is there evidence of purposeful burial and ritual? Language – Could Neandertals talk or not? Tools – Mousterian tradition Top: Reconstruction of Neandertal burial from Shanidar cave Bottom: Mousterian tools

What happened to Neandertals? H. neanderthalensis coexisted with H. sapiens for at least 20,000 years, perhaps as long as 60,000 years What happened? Neandertals interbred with H. sapiens Neandertals were killed off by H. sapiens H. sapiens drove Neandertals into extinction by competition

Homo sapiens Archaic – 100,000 to 35,000 years BP Sometimes called Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Modern – 35,000 years BP to present Anatomically modern Sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens

Cro-Magnon Man Cro-Magnon humans 35,000 years B.P. in western Europe to 17,000 years B.P. 1,600 cc cranial capacity Name comes from a hotel in France Not a different species, just old Homo sapiens from Europe Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man

Archaic H. sapiens Culture Art Traces of art found in beads, carvings, and paintings Cave paintings in Spain and southern France showed a marked degree of skill Female figurines 27,000 to 22,000 years B.P. Called “venuses,” these figurines depicted women with large breasts and broad hips Perhaps it was an example of an ideal type, or perhaps an expression of a desire for fertility

Archaic H. sapiens Culture Cave paintings Mostly animals on bare walls Subjects were animals favored for their meat and skins Human figures were rarely drawn due to taboos and fears that it would somehow harm others Cave paintings from 20,000 years ago at Vallon- Pont-d’Arc in southern France (left) and from Lascaux, in southwest France

Upper Palaeolithic – Hotbed of Culture 40 – 10k yBP Shelters 15,000 yBP Ukraine Some made with mammoth bones Wood, leather working; carpentry Tools From cores to blades Specialization Composite tools Bow and arrow Domestication of dogs Gathering rather than hunting became the mainstay of human economies. Top: Straw Hut Left: Mammoth bone hut Bottom: Tool progression

Modern Homo Sapiens Regional-Continuity Model (Milford Wolpoff, UMich) Humans evolved more or less simultaneously across the entire Old World from several ancestral populations. Rapid-Replacement Model (Chris Stringer, NHM London) Humans evolved only once--in Africa from H. heidelbergensis ancestors--and then migrated throughout the Old World, replacing their archaic predecessors. Also called the “Out of Africa” and “Killer Ape” hypothesis.

Social Organization Hunter-gatherer analogy Small group, low population density, nomadism, kinship groups Migration North America was the last colonized by hominids. Beringia (land bridge) between Russia and Alaska Asian origin of Native Americans 30,000 to 12,000 years B.P. was first migration

Human Variation 유전자 급원의 차이에 따른 분류 Modern humans vary in skin color, hair color, and eye color. Negroid, mongoroid, Caucasoid, Austraroid, American Indian Homo sapiens 는 유전적 다양성에도 불구하고 단일종임

인류의 미래

환경 열대우림의 파괴 – 지구 온난화, 물 수지 및 기후변화 생물 다양성의 위기 초래 오존층의 파괴 – 최근 10 년간 남극 상공의 오존층 절반 수준 산성비 – 정상적인 비 pH 5.6, 그 이하를 산성비 수질 오염 – 지구상의 물 중 담수는 3%, 그 중 70% 는 남북극 얼음. 이용 가능한 물 0.8%, 음용수는 0.01% 이하. 우리나라의 경우 · 남한 지역 하천 약 4,000 개 ( 총 연장 34000km) 유량 적고 유속 느림, 오염 가속화 · 호수, 댐 문제, 지하수 오염 · 해수 오염 – 매립, 유조선 사고 등 환경호르몬 생물체내에서 정상적으로 분비되는 물질이 아님 외부 화학물질이 체내에 흡수되어 호르몬 처럼 작용 생체 발육 성장 및 각종 대사기능에 중대한 영향 다이옥신, PCB, DDT, 비스페놀 등 다양

인구 1830 년 10 억 1920 년 20 억 1974 년 40 억 2010 년 70 억 2050 년 100 억 ( 예상 ) 우리나라의 경우 1955 년 2000 만, 2030 년 5300 만 ( 예상 ) 문제 : 출생률 감소와 노령인구의 증가 근로자 부담 가중. 의료비 등 사회보장 비용의 증가로 사회적 인 심각한 문제가 될 수 있음

식량 농업생산 증가율의 둔화 농업국의 식량위기 - 특정 작물 단일 경작으로 인함 ( 세네갈 땅콩 50%, 스리랑카 홍차 33%, 브라질 커피 93%, 수단 목화 65%) 식량 공급의 불균형 선진국과 개발 도상국의 차이

질병 질병은 인류의 역사와 함께 했다. 고대, 중세, 근대에 있어 페스트, 콜레라, 발진티프스, 나병, 결핵, 인플루엔자 등의 질병은 인류의 존망과 역사를 바꾸어 놓았다. 과거 창궐했던 질병 중 완전 박멸된 것도 있으나 여전히 존재하는 것도 있고 새로운 질병도 계속 발견 질병의 치료와 예방에 있어 영양의 역할이 매우 중요함.