1. EVOLUTION Ch. 23 Evolution

2. Evolution Outline Formation of the earth & chemical evolution Early beginnings of cells Critical events leading to evolution Evidence Evidence supporting evolution Early Primate evolution Evolution of the Genus Australopithecines Evolution of the Genus Homo & modern humans

3. 4.5 billion years ago the earth formed

4. Dr. Stanley Miller (1930-2007)

5. Miller’s Experiment showed: Organic molecules can be formed from components of Earth’s early atmosphere.

6. Collections of polymers. heterotrophs autotrophs

7. Earth formed Chemical Evolution began First Eukaryotes emerged First Prokaryotes emerged 4.5 billion years ago 4 billion years ago 3.5 billion years ago 1.2 billion years ago Insects 40 million years ago trapped in amber SUMMARY

8. Ocean First species to invade the land came from the oceans were likely plants. Soon after the plants invaded, animals came ashore. First animals were probably scropion-like.

9. Evolutionary changes Anatomical Functional Behavioral How do these changes occur?

10. Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 1831-1836 1859

11. DARWIN’s TRAVELS

12. 2 conflicting theories

13. Key components of evolutionary process Genetic variation Natural selection Survival of the Fittest

14. Evidence supporting natural selection 1. Fossil records

15. 2. Homologous structures

16. 3. Biochemical similarities –DNA –Amino acids 98% similar Humans Chimpanzees (DNA of fossils is also being studied)

17. 4. Embryologic development Sea urchin Cockatiel Mouse Human

18. 5. Biogeography Super continent 240 million years ago

19. 6. Experimental Evidence

20. Primate Evolution Earliest primates included the Tarsiers

21. Primates (order) ProsimiansAnthropoids Old world monkeysNew world monkeyshominoids Great Apes Lesser Apes Hominids Genus:Australopithecus Genus: Homo Consist of Ruff lemur tarsier Consist of: Mandrill Spider Monkey

23. Australopithecus afarensis Approx. 3.2 mya “Lucy” Approx. 25-30 years old Approx. 60 pounds Approx. 3 ft tall Discovered by Dr. Donald Johanson mid 70’s

24. Australopithecus afarensis Bipedal Approximately 3 to 5.6 ft in height Over 1 million years ago Australopithecus disappeared.

25. Homo habilis “skillful man” Lived 1.8 million years ago Discovered 1960 in Tanzania by Dr. Mary Leakey Brain is 50% larger than Australopithecus

26. Homo erectus “upright man” Lived 1.6 million years ago H. erectus moved from Africa to Europe and Asia Used fire

27. male Approximately 12 years old Lived approximately 1.6 million years ago Homo erectus (stood approximately 5 ft tall) Turkana Boy Found in 1984 in Kenya

28. Homo sapien “thinking man” Emerged approx. 300,000 years ago 2 subspecies –neaderthalensis –sapien Skull of Homo sapien neanderthalensis Lived in small clans and had elaborate burial rituals.

29. Homo sapien sapien Neaderthanls disappeared about 40,000 years ago About 300,000 years ago enter Homo sapien sapien Skull of early Homo sapien sapien Cro-Magnon Man

30. Homo sapien sapien Cro-Magnon Man Artistic with perhaps a well developed language Excellent hunters Lived in communities

31. Homo sapien sapien “modern man” Appeared approximately 10,000 years ago Very little change over the past 40,000 years

32. The End (or beginning !) An artist’s interpretation of how “Lucy” may have looked.