1. Early Hominids Part II
February 2, 2005

2. Homo habilis 2.2mya – 1.6 mya Larger brain (700-850 cc)
Generalized dentition
Sexual dimorphism
Oldowan tools

3. Homo habilis Oldowan tools Indicator of intelligence Stone hand axes
Scrapers
Horn tools
Indicator of intelligence

4. Homo habilis Hypothesis 1: hunters’ home base
Hypothesis 2: scavengers’ processing center
H. habilis probably scavenged meat to supplement seeds and nuts

5. Homo erectus 2mya – 500kya First to control fire Built shelters
Acheulian stone tools
Seasonal hunting and gathering

6. Homo erectus
Acheulian stone tool technology
Hand axe

7. Homo erectus Famous examples: Nariokotome Boy (Turkana)
Java Man (Trinil)
Peking Man (Zhoukoudian)

8. Homo erectus

9. Homo sapiens Archaic Homo sapiens 300-30kya (Iraq, Zambia, China)
Neandertals (Homo sapiens neandertalensis) kya
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens sapiens) 200kya

10. Neandertals Wore clothes Hunted reindeer, mammoth and wooly rhino
Rugged bones, muscles
Mousterian tools
Very large brains

11. Neandertals Cold Adaptations: Stocky build
Long face and nose, large nasal cavities
Rugged bones and muscles

12. Core/Blade Tools

13. Could they talk?

14. Neandertals

15. Skhul Skull

16. Neandertal-What Happened?
Separate lineage descended from H. erectus
Interbred with modern H. sapiens in Europe
Too specialized to evolve into modern H. sapiens

17. Homo sapiens sapiens Appeared in Africa 200,000 years ago
Left Africa 135,000 years ago
Europe 40,000 years ago
Australia 60,000 years ago?
Americas 20-30,000 years ago?

18. Tool Technology

19. Cave Art

20. Homo sapiens sapiens Out of Africa Multiregional
Multiple waves of migration out of Africa
Multiregional
H. erectus evolved into H. sapiens independently in different regions

21. “Eve” Hypothesis Variation on Out of Africa mtDNA
Inherited through mother
Varies only in case of mutation
One female ancestor, 200kya

22. Brain Size Homo sapiens sapiens 1,350
Homo sapiens neandertalensis 1,430
Archaic Homo sapiens 1,135
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Modern Chimpanzees 390
(Cubic Centimeters)

23. Time Line