2.  2 Divisions of Primates  1. Anthropoid primates  2. Prosimean primates  Characteristics:  Nails (no claws)  Prehensile hands and feet (grasping)  Color vision and depth perception

3.  Include:  marmosets  Monkeys  Apes  Humans  Brain size  Large relative to their body size  Opposable thumbs  Similar dental formula  number and arrangement of teeth

4. BBipedalism – Ability to walk on 2 feet AAligned toes = Bipedalism EEnlarged brain =Vertical face AAreas for speech in the brain SS- shaped spine BBowl-shaped pelvis

5.  Include:  Lemurs  Lorises  Tarsiers

9.  Draw a Prosimean skeleton, Anthropoid skeleton and a human skeleton  Draw the basic bones  Pay special attention to the skulls  Use the same colors for homologous parts in the three skeletons  Highlight the key features of each primate that makes them successful and unique  How does this make them successful?

10.  Scientists who study fossil evidence of human evolution  Construct models of how and when different stages of human evolution occurred

11.  Hominids include humans and extinct humanlike primates  The oldest known hominid fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old  First fossils found in Africa

12.  Two hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of Homo sapiens  “African replacement” hypothesis  Also called Out of Africa, Recent-African- Origin  “Multiregional origin” hypothesis

13.  Members of the genus Homo made repeated long-distance migrations out of Africa beginning 1.8 million years ago  H. sapiens emerged from Africa about 150,000 years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and Asia  The dispersing H. sapiens populations replaced all other hominids

15.  H. erectus emerged from Africa 1.8 million years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and Asia  Continued migrations and interbreeding occurred among widespread H. erectus populations  Regional populations of H. erectus evolved into H. sapiens

17.  Oldest known genus of hominids  Lived more than 4 million years ago  Knee joints- Allow bipedalism!  Australopithecus anamensis  Australopithecus afarensis – believed to have given rise to:  A. africanus  A. robustus  A. boisei  Modern Homo sapiens  more than 1 million years ago

18. !!

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20.  Fossils of nearly half complete early hominid Australopithecus afarensis  suggests hominids became bipedal before their brains began to dramatically enlarge

21.  Recent discovery  Not clear whether it was bipedal  4.4 million years old

22.  Hominid phylogenetic tree is very branchy in appearance  Representing species died out, leaving no descendants.

23.  Ancestors to modern humans  Larger brains than australopithecines  May have had speech  Started to develop tools  Homo erectus - potential first hominid to leave Africa Homo habilis Homo erectus

25.  Now extinct  Hypothesis- Homo sapiens, being superior to Neanderthal man, ran him off the planet.  New hypothesis- more complicated  Neanderthals may have mixed with the ancestor of modern man  We could be carrying Neanderthal genes.  Heavy bones  Thick brow ridges  Protruding teeth  Used shelters, tools, and clothing

26.  Cro-Magnons coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe and the Middle East for as many as 50,000 years  Cro-Magnons had domed heads, smooth brows, and prominent chins  30,000-year-old Cro-Magnon artifacts include:  Bone flutes  Ivory sculptures  Evidence of elaborate burial ceremonies

28.  Evolved about 800,000 years ago  A) Neanderthals  Were early Homo sapiens  They may be ancestral to modern humans OR  They may have died out and been replaced by modern humans

29.  1. some anthropologist think H. sapiens evolved in PARALLEL from populations of H. erectus all over the world. (interbreeding)  2. some anthropologists propose that H. sapiens DESCENDED from H. erectus in Africa and then dispersed across Earth.