The Ottoman Empire WHII.5a

The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople.   The Ottomans brought much of Muslim territory in Southwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.

In the beginning... Asia Minor (Upper Middle East and Eastern Europe) Original Location Asia Minor (Upper Middle East and Eastern Europe) Extent of the Empire The Ottoman Empire conquered lands throughout the Eastern Hemisphere before its decline in the 1900s Expansion of the Empire Included: Southwest Asia Southeastern Europe Balkan Peninsula North Africa

Decline of the Byzantine As the Byzantine Empire began to weaken, Turks in the Middle East took notice Anatolian Turks, “Warriors of Islam,” began to raid territories in and surrounding the Byzantine Empire in hopes of conquering the land and converting the people to Islam Leader: Othman (Osman) was the most successful of the warriors Followers were Ottomans!! Built a MUSLIM state in Asia Minor Founded the Ottoman Empire!!

Building the Ottoman Empire Osman’s successors expanded the empire through: Buying land Forming alliances Conquering others Leaders of the empire took the title of “Sultan” Means overlord or one with power

The Ottoman’s Conquer How were the Ottoman’s able to conquer? Good military tactics and weapons Canons, gunpowder, and musket carrying soldiers Befriended those they came in contact with (they were NICE) Improved peoples’ lives

Fall of Constantinople Constantinople to ISTANBUL Under Mehmed II the Ottomans conquered Constantinople! 1453 The capital of the Byzantine Empire Was a VERY important city because of location and trading posts Gained control of the Bosporus Strait Mehmed assembled an army of 125 ships and 100,000 foot soldiers (HUGE!!!—Go BIG or Go HOME!)

Fall of Constantinople Constantinople to ISTANBUL Placed chain across Golden Horn Bosporus Strait and Sea of Marmara Kept out of the cities harbor They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners Opened city to all religions and is now called… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vankaSlfSr0

Fall of Constantinople *Istanbul The Byzantine trading center at Constantinople was conquered in 1453 by the Ottomans, renamed Istanbul, became the capital, and a LARGE trading center for the Ottomans.

The Ottoman Empire Ottoman’s Unifying Force The Ottomans used their Islamic religion as a UNIFYING force for the empire Rulers and people practiced RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE The empire accepted other religions They did not persecute Jews or Christians Mehmed II opened the empire to people of all religious and cultural backgrounds!

The Ottoman Empire The Ottomans Expand After taking the Byzantine capital, the Ottomans took Syria, Palestine, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and even Egypt! Mehmed’s grandson, Selim the Grim was the effective sultan and great general that helped expand the Ottoman Empire during this time Selim came to power by overthrowing his father, murdering his brothers, & executing nephews and all but one son!!!

The Ottoman Empire Ottoman Trade The main goods traded by the Ottomans included Coffee and Ceramics

Ottoman Empire Fact card Do you Know? c.1500

Ottoman Empire Fact card Do you Know? 1. Original Location Asia Minor

Ottoman Empire Fact card Do you Know? 1. Original Location 2. Where it expanded- Balkan Peninsula (Europe), North Africa, Middle East (Southwest Asia)

Ottoman Empire Fact card Do you Know? 1. Original Location 2. Where it expanded (3) 3. Capital-(its old and new name) Istanbul-NOT Constantinople

Ottoman Empire Fact card Do you Know? 1. Original Location 2. Where it expanded (3) 3. Capital (its old name) 4. Religion Islam unified empire--part of the Muslim World

Ottoman Empire Fact card Do you Know? 1. Original Location 2. Where it expanded (3) 3. Capital (its old name) 4. Religion 5. Goods Ottomans traded Coffee and ceramics

Mughal India

Mughal India Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers, established an empire in northern India.

Mughal India The Mughal Empire traded with several European nations. Much of southern India remained independent and continued international trade.

Mughal India Spread Original Location the northernmost part of India (North India)

Mughal India Spread Extent of the Empire The Mughal Empire expanded through most of India, present day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal Southern India Mughal India NEVER takes over ALL of India The southernmost tip and Ceylon, Sri Lanka, today never came under the empire’s rule

Mughal India Spread Three Powerful Leaders The empire spread through three powerful leaders: Babur (founded the empire) Akbar (The Greatest One-lived up to his name!) Aurangzeb

Mughal Empire Leaders Babur Built up an army Swept into Northern India and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire FOUNDER of the Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire Leaders Akbar Military conqueror—conquered new territory Turned enemies into alliances Genius at cultural blending Permitted people of other religions to practice their faith (religious tolerance)

Mughal Empire Leaders Shah Jahan Killed all possible rivals Had two passions: Beautiful buildings and his wife Wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died at age 38 after giving birth to their 14th child Ordered that a shrine be built in her name

The Mughal Empire Mumtaz Mahal’s shrine (memorial) Taj Mahal Mumtaz Mahal’s shrine (memorial) One of the wonders of the world Built by 20,000 workers over the course of 22 years Shah Jahan had ALL 20,000 workers hands cut off so they could not recreate such architecture DID NOT want anything else like it EVER!! Left the empire with large DEBT

Mughal Empire Leaders Aurangzeb Third son of Shah Jahan Military Power Lost power because oppressed: Strict Muslim laws Drinking, gambling, and other vices Imposed taxes to pay for war

The Mughal Empire As you know Europeans traded for goods in India, so that must mean that the Mughal Empire TRADED with Europeans!! Indian textiles had a huge influence on the British textile industry Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent Shah Jahan allowed Europeans to build trading forts Aurangzeb gave Europeans the Port of Bombay

The Mughal Empire Downfall As the Mughal Empire started to decline Western traders slowly built power in the subcontinent The fall of the empire ultimately came from the Shah Jahan’s rule and the mass amount of debt he left with the empire from the building of the Taj Mahal and then the beginning of his shrine

Not all trade with Europe in India was done with the Mughal Empire. Southern India TRADE in Southern India Not all trade with Europe in India was done with the Mughal Empire. Throughout the Mughal Empire’s reign Southern India NEVER became part of the empire It was always INDEPENDENT!! Southern India continued international trade Trade silks, gems, and spices

Mughal India Fact card Do you Know? c.1500

North India 1. Original Location c.1500 Mughal India Fact card Do you Know? 1. Original Location North India

2. Where the Empire Spread Mughal India Fact card c.1500 Do you Know? 1. Location 2. Where the Empire Spread Nearly all of India except the southern most tip and Sri Lanka Present day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal

2. Where the Empire Spread 3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers Mughal India Fact card c.1500 Do you Know? 1. Location 2. Where the Empire Spread 3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers Spread of Islam into India Art and Architecture- Taj Majal Establishment of European trading outposts Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

2. Where the Empire Spread) 3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers Mughal India Fact card c.1500 Do you Know? 1. Original Location 2. Where the Empire Spread) 3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers 4. Trade with European Nations Portugal, England, and Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian subcontinent Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems

Trade in East Asia (China and Japan) WHII.5c

Trade in East Asia As the Europeans made healthy profits from trade in the Indian Ocean region, many looked for new sources of wealth. Europeans turned to China and later Japan. But, China and Japan had different ideas!

China and Japan China and Japan are different than the others! China and Japan sought to limit the influence and activities of European merchants. Why do you think they did this?

China: Ming Dynasty China China was a dominant power when the first European ships arrived China was under control of the MING Dynasty

China: Ming Dynasty Trade with Ming 1500s Policy on trade= ISOLATIONISM China sought to keep influence of outsiders to a MINIMUM Only government could conduct foreign trade Could only trade through 3 coastal ports Foreign enclaves were created to control trade Instituted imperial policy to control foreign influences and trade

China: Qing Dynasty Trade with Qing After the decline of the Ming Dynasty, foreign Manchus came to rule in China, establishing the Qing Dynasty Manchus thought that China was the cultural center of the universe Kept policy of ISOLATIONISM Had RULES for trading: Had to pay tributes Could only use certain ports Must respect the emperor Must perform the “kowtow”

Isolation in China Isolation Throughout the 17th and 18th century China continued its policy on isolation They DID NOT want FOREIGN INFLUENCE

Demand for Chinese Goods As China continued to limit foreign trade, European demand for Chinese goods increased Europeans wanted: SILK PORCELAIN TEA (made up 80% of shipments to Europe) Agriculture vs. Industry China did not become an industrialized state because: The idea of commerce offended the Chinese Confucian beliefs China’s economic policies traditionally favored agriculture

Japan Trade with Japan In the 16th century Japan had an “open-door” trading policy They welcomed traders and missionaries By the 17th century this ended But, Europeans still hoped to involve themselves in Japan’s trade with China and other parts of Southeast Asia

Japan Change Once Christians began coming in the emperor of Japan feared Christianity feared Christian uprisings more than losing Europe as a trading partner The emperor was willing to give up all the wonderful trading to get rid of Christian missionaries and influences The persecution of Christians became an attempt of the Japanese to control foreign ideas

Japan Shogun When Europe first started trading with Japan had no powerful central authority SHOGUN—Japan was characterized by a powerless emperor which was controlled by a military leader

Japan “Closed-Door Policy” Once strong SHOGUNS took control of Japan, they sealed Japan’s borders and instituted a “closed country policy” Japan was CLOSED OFF from the world Most commercial contacts with Europeans ended For 200 + years, Japan remained closed to Europeans Even the Japanese were forbidden to leave so they wouldn’t bring back foreign ideas

China and Japan Fact card China worked to limit the spread of European merchants through..... Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade Increase in European demand for Chinese goods-tea and porcelain c.1500

China and Japan Fact card Japan worked to limit the spread of European merchants through..... Characterized by a powerless emperor controlled by a military leader Shogun Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences-Closed Door Policy-did not just limit, CLOSED themselves off from outsiders c.1500

Africa

Africa The exportation of slaves and demand for imported goods began to alter traditional economic patterns in Africa.

Africa Do you Know? 1. African Exports Slaves (triangular trade) Raw materials (ivory, gold)

Africa Do you Know? African Exports African Imports Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas New food products (corn and peanuts)

Growth of European Nations

Growth of European Nations European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources, creating new economic practices, such as mercantilism, linking European nations with their colonies.

European Nations VOCABULARY CHECK 1. What is Mercantilism? c.1500 An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient Based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

European Nations VOCABULARY CHECK What is Mercantilism? Commercial Revolution European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. A new economic system emerged: New money and banking systems were created. Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved. Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.