The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Nationalism Central to both of these forces: 1707 Scotland, Wales & England join to form “Great Britain” (Ireland would be added later to make “The United Kingdom”)

Raw materials: enormous amounts of coal and iron in Britain Other essential raw materials are imported from British colonies under mercantilist system

Early industrial age: No child-labor laws No minimum wage No workplace safety laws No unemployment or disability or retirement insurance No environmental laws

The invention of the steam engine and the railroads makes markets larger Consumers can now have goods imported to them from previously unreachable markets

Pessimistic Predictions Malthus – population growth would lead to famine and massive waves of starvation Ricardo – population growth would steadily drive wages down below subsistence level Both predictions were predicated on an inflexible interpretation of supply and demand. Both were (thankfully) wrong. What did they miss??

What did Malthus and Ricardo get wrong?

During the early industrial age, states (governments) began using taxes to build and expand infrastructure. (roads, bridges, canals, railroads etc.) Is this a wise investment?

The Luddite movement sought to stop or roll back technological progress (When lightbulbs were invented, all the candle- makers lost their jobs) Today the term is used to refer to anyone who is unwilling to use the newest technology

1807 British Parliament abolishes the slave trade and ends slavery in all of its colonies The industrial revolution, however, is still dependent on slave-supplied cotton from the American south

After the defeat of Napoleon, the European Powers impose the most peaceful century in European history ( ) Main ideas: Balance of power No harsh peace conditions imposed on defeated France (the European powers would NOT follow this policy concerning Germany 100 years later)

Beginnings of nationalism: “Liberals believed that each people, each national group, had a right to establish its own independent government and fulfill its own destiny.” pg. 687 Is this a good idea? If so, where does it end?

“A large population and vast territory gave the empire economic and military clout, but its potentially dissatisfied nationalists undermined political unity.” pg. 687 Other examples: British Empire French Empire Ottoman Empire Soviet Union

The assassin who triggered World War I (which triggered World War II) was a Serbian nationalist who sought independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire

1820’s – Central & Southern American colonies win independence from Spain Democracy did not take root because of the rigid social hierarchy Bolivar fails in his effort to create a “United States” of South America

Emergence of Socialism “Modern capitalism, they believed, fomented a selfish individualism” “They believed that private property should be strictly regulated by the government or abolished outright and replaced by state or community ownership” Every single government on Earth today has at least some socialist influence

Karl Marx develops the theory of communism as the logical extension of socialism In the future, Soviet Communists would massacre the Socialists, deeming them too “conservative”. The Communist Manifesto

1840’s Irish Potato Famine results in mass starvation, emigration to the United States, and anti-British hatred among Irish nationalists