1. Industrialization (1750-1914)

2. The Industrial Revolution Cheap Labor Supply Abundant Natural Resources Visionary Entrepreneurs Investment Capital Better Transportation New Markets in India and America Government Support

3. Responses to Industrialization Britain passed strict laws to protect their monopoly on Industrialization –Forbade export of industrial machines –Barred engineers from leaving the country –Unions were illegal “Luddites” resisted technological change Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto

4. Political Revolutions The American Revolution –Encouraged other revolts and revolutions in Europe –Changes nations’ attitudes about colonies The French Revolution –Enlightenment principals –Political and tax structure was imbalanced –Bankrupt due to wars and the monarchy Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Spain, Switzerland, German States

5. Political Revolutions Napoleon –Spread the ideas of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity) –Napoleonic Code Single unifying code of laws Equality before the law freedom of speech, worship, public trial by jury

6. Political Revolution 1815-1914 Liberalism- individualism, suffrage, laissez-fair Socialism- communal ownership of means of production, social and economic equality Nationalism- loyalty to the state rather than class or group –Unification of Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungarian Empire

7. Europe 1815

8. Discuss the influence of the revolutions beginning in 1820 and extending through 1870 in reconstructing the map of Europe, and how the reconstruction affected the development of European diplomacy by 1907.

10. Revolutions The revolutions created new states in Greece (1820), Belgium (1830), Italy (1870), and Germany (1871). The greatest impact was in eastern and central Europe, previously a region without strong national centralization. The emergence of the new states was accompanied by economic growth. Germany became an economic threat to Britain. Both Germany and Italy wished to participate in the scramble for world empire. Such economic and colonial competition upset previous power balances and led to two competing blocks, the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia).