1.  The first Industrial Revolution focused on railroads, textiles, iron, and coal.  The second Industrial Revolution will give rise to steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.  First major change in industry will be the substitution of steel for iron.  Electricity was a major new form of energy that could be easily converted into other forms of energy.

2.  Thomas Edison- given credit for the invention of the light bulb.  Communication Revolution occurred when Alexandria Graham Bell invented the telephone.  The internal- combustion engine would provide a new source of power for transportation.

5.  The working and living conditions of the working class will drive them to form socialist parties and trade unions.  Karl Marx- author of the Communist Manifesto which pointed out problems with capitalism and provided an alternative that would become communism.  Over time these socialist parties organized into political parties and competed in elections to enact change.

8.  As the 19 th century drew to a close the new industrial world was giving rise to the emergence of a mass society.

10.  Western Europe had made progress by the 19 th century in establishing political democracy.  Great Britain- is ruled by a two-party parliamentary system consisting of liberals and conservatives.  France- the second empire falls and gives way to the Third Republic.

11.  Italy- was considered a unified nation in 1870 but this was far from the truth.  Northern Italy was heavily industrialized while the south was poverty stricken.  Central and Eastern Europe pursue polices of the Old Order.  Germany- under emperor William II will become the strongest country in terms of it’s military and industry sector.

14.  Russia- under Nicholas II would continue to support the conservative movement.  With industrialization however change would come in the form of socialist parties.  Power Struggles  Germany upset the balance of power set up at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.  The Triple Alliance of 1882- united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

15.  Triple Entente- united Great Britain, France, and Russia.  Balkans  The rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the former states of the Ottoman Empire would set the stage for WWI.  Austria Hungary annexed Serbia which was supported by the Russians.