Geography of Population MigrationGeography Form 6 Tuesday 14 th October, 2014

Today’s Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1. Classify the types of migration 2. Explain the CAUSES of migration

Migration as spatial mobility Mobility can be defined as - the ability to move or be moved freely and easily 1. Types of mobility - social mobility - economic mobility - cultural mobility 2. Spatial mobility 3. Migrations Spatial Mobility vs Migration How to separate two phenomena that are alike and not the same? What precisely does MIGRATION mean?

Migration Source: Complete A-Z Geography Handbook ( Skinner et al, 2007) According to the UN... a ‘permanent’ change of residence, lasting for more than one year

ACTIVITY!! Source: Nagle and Guninness (2011) Internal Migration International Migration Immigration Emigration In – Migration Out – Migration Net Migration Migration Stream Counter stream Chain Migration Relay Migration Step Migration Voluntary Migration Forced Migration Obtain definitions for ALL terms and write in NOTEBOOKS!!

Migration is Global In 2013, the number of international migrants worldwide reached 232 million, up from 175 million in 2000 and 154 million in 1990, many having moved for a variety of reasons in which the search for protection and the search for opportunity are inextricably entwined. Between 1990 and 2000, the international migrant stock grew by an average of 1.2 per cent per year. During the period from 2000 to 2010, the annual growth rate accelerated, reaching 2.3 per cent. Since then, however, it has slowed, falling to around 1.6 per cent per year during the period from 2010 to Migration affects every region of the world, and many countries are now simultaneously countries of origin, destination and transit. Large numbers of migrants today move between developing countries, and around 40 percent of the total global migrant population have moved to a neighbouring country within their region of origin. Source : Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

MIGRATION FACTS AND FIGURES Source: UN Population Division

Half of all international migrants worldwide reside in just ten countries In 2013, over 51 per cent of all international migrants in the world were living in ten countries. The largest number of international migrants resided in the United States of America: 46 million in 2013, equal to 19.8 per cent of the world’s total. The Russian Federation hosted the second largest number of migrants worldwide (11 million), followed by Germany (10 million), Saudi Arabia (9 million), and the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom (8 million each).

In 2013, the total number of refugees in the world was estimated at 15.7 million, representing about seven per cent of all international migrants. Between 1990 and 2010, the global number of refugees declined from 18.6 million to about 15.4 million. However since then, the number has increased.

The Caribbean… PRE – COLONIZATION - The settlement of the earliest inhabitants the Amerindians indigenous people who migrated from Central and South America COLONIZATION – European powers established a presence in the Caribbean since the 15 th century and brought with them millions of slaves imported from Africa to support the tropical plantation system that spread through the Caribbean islands IN RECENT DECADES - emigration continues to be a major process in the Caribbean. Places such as the USA, Canada and Britain continues to be choice destinations. Read: - Knight, F. W., & Palmer, C. A. (1989). The Modern Caribbean. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. And make Notes in your NOTEBOOK!!!

PUSH AND PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS: Perceived reasons that would cause a person to want to migrate from a place (factors that push them away). Essential question: what makes someone want to leave the place they are living? PULL FACTORS: Perceived reasons why people want to migrate to a place (factors that pull them in). Essential question: what makes someone want to move to a specific place?

Why Do People Migrate? 1. Economic Forces 2. Political Forces 3. Social Forces 4. Environmental Forces Many times, more than one of these factors is involved.

Economic Causes of Migration Poor economic conditions Overpopulation Poor climate conditions and/or natural disasters

Political Causes of Migration War, invasion, military takeover, etc. Escape from persecution on ethnic, political, religious, or other grounds Escape from prosecution for crimes committed Punishment for crime Enslavement Political Agreement

Social Causes of Migration Spreading a religion, political movement or philosophy Reuniting with family, friends, etc. who have previously migrated Seeking more personal freedom, not necessarily as the result of persecution

Environmental Causes of Migration Natural disasters: hurricanes, earthquakes, etc. Excessive or prolonged drought Climate change

STUDENT ACTIVITY Use the phrases below to complete your graphic organizer of the description of the POLITICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC reasons as to why people migrate. On your copy, write a POLITICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL or ECONOMIC next to your chosen response ◊ Better climate ◊ Better housing ◊ Wars causing refugees ◊ Poverty on poor farmland ◊ Racial discrimination ◊ Employment with higher wages ◊ Better healthcare and education ◊ Starvation ◊ Improved prospects ◊ Cleaner, safer environment ◊ To be with friends and relatives ◊ Lack of basic amenities ◊ Unemployment ◊ Better lifestyle ◊ Forced labour – Slavery ◊ Religious/political persecution ◊ Natural disasters ◊ Overpopulation ◊ Entertainment