NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America? Spanish South America Mexico

Latin American Class System The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America Your rights depended where you were in this system Peninsulares Creoles (Criollo) Mestizos Slaves Indians Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs Indigenous People, few jobs available Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs Mulattos African, labor jobs

Saint Domingue (HAITI) 1791: First Latin American revolution happens on Caribbean Island 100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ovuverture French send troops to retake the island Toussaint agrees to stop the revolution if France ends slavery in Saint Domingue (Haiti) French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps More slaves join the fight, slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines 1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas Significance: First totally successful African slave revolt and independent nation run by former slaves

SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA 1811: S. America’s wars of independence begin in Venezuela where a Creole general named Simon Bolívar fights for independence Influenced by Am. Rev, Bolívar revolts due to Joseph Bonaparte but continues revolution when Spanish King Ferdinand VI returns Simon Bolívar Jose de San Martín Bolívar has little success until : Bolívar leads army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia), beats Spain 1821: Independence granted to Venezuela & New Granada, 1822: Bolívar heads south to free Peru 1816: Creole General Jose de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio De La Plata (Argentina/Paraguay) Must take out strong Spanish army in nearby Chile

1817: San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins Bernardo O’Higgins Together they leave Andes Mts head into Chile 1821: Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile 1822: San Martín heads to Peru, O’Higgins stays 1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru 12/9/1824: Bolívar leads combined armies, final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru Peru independent, Southern Peru becomes Bolivia

New Spain (MEXICO) 1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a rebellion against Spain To symbolize start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church Known as El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join 1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities Miguel Hidalgo Padre Jose Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

1816: King of Spain returns to power, Mexican Creoles lose their privileges Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians for to continue of independence Creole General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence 1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America 1823: Central American leaders win independence when Irtubide is overthrown BRAZIL 1808: King João (John VI) of Portugal flees to Brazil when Napoleon invades Gives Brazil co-kingdom status (good for Creoles) Agustin Iturbide 1821: João returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat, leaves son Dom Pedro in charge of Brazil 1822:João takes away co-Kingdom status Dom Pedro I Creoles threaten war, João gives Brazil independence, his son Dom Pedro is ruler