1. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns PowerPoint by JoAnn Yaworski, 2001 Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, 1/e Kathleen McWhorter

2. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers In this chapter you will learn how to: Identify Patterns of Organization  Definition  Classification  Order or Sequence  Cause and Effect  Comparison and Contrast  Listing/Enumeration

3. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Definition Explains the meaning of a word or phrase. Examples:  Deficit is another term that…  Genetics is…  Aggression can be defined as…  Balance of power also means...

4. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Classification Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics. Examples:  There are several kinds of chemical bonding...  There are numerous types of…  Reproduction can be classified as…  The human skeleton is composed of...

5. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chronological Order Describes events, processes, and procedures. Examples:  In ancient times…  At the start of the battle…  On September 12…  The first primate species…  Later efforts...

6. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Cause and Effect Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another. Examples:  Stress causes…  Aggression creates…  Depression leads to…  Avoidance results in…  Life changes produce...

7. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison and Contrast Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons. Examples:  Frost differs from…  Unlike Whitman, Frost…  Frost is as powerful as…  Both Frost and Whitman...

8. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Listing/Enumeration Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories. Examples:  One aspect of relativity…  A second feature of relativity…  There are several characteristics of relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)…

9. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Order-of-Importance Expresses order of priority and can be arranged from most to least important or from least to most important. Examples:  Is less essential than…  More revealing is…  Of primary interest is…

10. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Spatial Order Describes physical location or position in space. Examples:  The left side of the brain…  The lower portion…  The outer covering…  Beneath the surface...

11. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Statement & Clarification Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow. Transitions: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously

12. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Summary Indicates that a condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow. Transitions: in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole

13. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Generalization and Example Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement. Transitions: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus

14. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Addition Indicates that additional information will follow. Transitions: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again

15. © 2002 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Visit the Longman English Pages http://www.ablongman.com/englishpages