1. A phylogeny of Kingdom Plantae
Biology 2: Form and Function

2. Overview Plants likely evolved from green alga (Chlorophyta)
All plants exhibit alternation of generations
Keys in development include an increasing dependence from water (vascular system), and a shift in dominance from the gametophyte to sporophyte stage
The most advanced plants are angiosperms

4. (3 phyla)
(4 phyla)
(5 Phyla)

5. Non-vascular plants Photosynthetic, independent gametophytes
Nutritionally dependent sporophyte attached to the gametophyte
Water required for fertilization
Generally small, gametophyte more conspicuous than sporophyte

6. Bryophyta

8. Hepaticophyta

9. Anthocerotophyta

10. Vascular plants
Vascular tissues include phloem (carries sugars away from photosynthetic structures) and xylem (carries water and nutrients to photosynthetic structures)
Greater development of sporophyte stage, nutritionally and photosynthetically independent of sporophyte

11. Non-seed vascular plants
Pterophyta (ferns), Psilophyta (whisk ferns), Lycophyta (club ferns) and Arthrophyta (horsetails).
Reproductive organs include antheridia and archegonia which produce free swimming sperm and require water for fertilization

12. Seed vascular plants Lack antheridia
Possess non-flagellated sperm, and produce few archegonia
Heterosporous:
Microgametophyte = pollen, released directly into environment
Macrogametophyte = held within ovules
Produce either naked seeds (Gymnosperms = coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta and Ginkgophyta), or fruit seeds (Anthophyta)

16. Pterophyta

18. Arthrophyta

19. Coniferophyta

21. Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
Ginkgophyta

22. Anthophyta (Angiosperms)
Flowering plants, divisible into monocots and dicots
Ovules enclosed within carpels (sporophytic tissue)
Double fertilization:
One sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus
Second sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form the nutritive triploid endosperm
After fertilization, carpels develop into fruit