1. Chapter 19 The French Revolution AndNapoleon

2. Chapter 19 Section 1

3. The Old Regime was the king of France in 1789 – what was called the (Ancient Order) Louis XVI was the king of France in 1789 – what was called the Old Regime (Ancient Order) Was kind, stupid, dull & slow-witted Was kind, stupid, dull & slow-witted Married to –unhappy with her arranged marriage & unpopular with the French people. Married to Marie Antoinette –unhappy with her arranged marriage & unpopular with the French people. Under the Ancient Regime, or old order, everyone in France belonged to one of three classes Population of France prior to outbreak of Revolution is 25 million

4. The First Estate The Clergy The Clergy Enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege Enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege Less than 1 percent of the population Less than 1 percent of the population Owned about 10 percent of land, collected tithes, and paid no taxes Owned about 10 percent of land, collected tithes, and paid no taxes Provided some social services Provided some social services Upper clergy came from nobility while lower clergy were commoners Upper clergy came from nobility while lower clergy were commoners

5. The Second Estate The Nobility The Nobility Less than 2 percent of the population Less than 2 percent of the population Controlled about 20 percent of the land Controlled about 20 percent of the land Enjoyed great wealth and privileges Enjoyed great wealth and privileges Only nobles could be army officers, high church officials and high ranking court officials Only nobles could be army officers, high church officials and high ranking court officials Feared losing traditional privilege, especially exemption from public taxes Feared losing traditional privilege, especially exemption from public taxes

6. The Third Estate The - wealthy middle-class most outspoken group—peasants-the largest group The Bourgeoisie - wealthy middle-class most outspoken group—peasants-the largest group made up 98% of total population—paid taille (head tax) and gabelle (tax on salt) made up 98% of total population—paid taille (head tax) and gabelle (tax on salt) Controlled 70% of land Controlled 70% of land City-workers or sans-culottes City-workers or sans-culottes Resented privilege of first and second estates— excluded from social and political privileges Resented privilege of first and second estates— excluded from social and political privileges Burdened by taxes Burdened by taxes Many earned miserable wages and faced hunger and even starvation Many earned miserable wages and faced hunger and even starvation Jeopardized by the (government could imprison anyone without charges or trial) Jeopardized by the lettre de cachet (government could imprison anyone without charges or trial)

7. French Troubles Economic woes added to the social unrest and heightened tension Economic woes added to the social unrest and heightened tension For years, the French government had engaged in that is, a government spending more money than it takes in. For years, the French government had engaged in deficit spending that is, a government spending more money than it takes in. Louis XIV had left France deeply in debt. Recent wars, a general rise in costs in the 1700s, and the lavish court were incredibly costly—the government borrowed more and more money. Louis XIV had left France deeply in debt. Recent wars, a general rise in costs in the 1700s, and the lavish court were incredibly costly—the government borrowed more and more money. Louis XVI appointed Jacques Turgot as finance minister in 1774—followed physiocrat policies—tried to end (requirement that peasants perform labor on the roads)— sought to cut government expenditures—forced out by nobility Louis XVI appointed Jacques Turgot as finance minister in 1774—followed physiocrat policies—tried to end corvee (requirement that peasants perform labor on the roads)— sought to cut government expenditures—forced out by nobility replaced Turgot—resumed traditional policy of borrowing money and increasing spending Jacques Necker replaced Turgot—resumed traditional policy of borrowing money and increasing spending

8. French Troubles Bad harvests in the late 1780s sent food prices soaring and brought hunger to poorer peasants and city dwellers Bad harvests in the late 1780s sent food prices soaring and brought hunger to poorer peasants and city dwellers Discontent among the people led Louis XVI to call the – the legislative assembly of France – the first meeting in 175 years Discontent among the people led Louis XVI to call the Estate General – the legislative assembly of France – the first meeting in 175 years Parlement of Paris, French high court, ruled that new taxes could not be levied without consent of Estates General Parlement of Paris, French high court, ruled that new taxes could not be levied without consent of Estates General

9. The Estates General Each Estate was to draw up a list of grievances () to be discussed Each Estate was to draw up a list of grievances (cahiers) to be discussed Many cahiers called for reforms such as fairer taxes, freedom of the press, or regular meetings of the Estates General.

10. The Estates General Traditionally the three Estates met separately with each estate having one vote Traditionally the three Estates met separately with each estate having one vote The Third Estate wanted to meet together with each deputy having one vote The Third Estate wanted to meet together with each deputy having one vote Louis XVI ordered them to met separately Louis XVI ordered them to met separately

11. The Estates General the Third Estate took a daring step. Claiming to represent the people of France, they declared themselves to be the. They then invited delegates from the other estates to help them write a constitution the Third Estate took a daring step. Claiming to represent the people of France, they declared themselves to be the National Assembly. They then invited delegates from the other estates to help them write a constitution A few days later, the National Assembly found its meeting hall locked and guarded A few days later, the National Assembly found its meeting hall locked and guarded

12. The Tennis Court Oath Fearing that the king planned to dismiss them, the delegates moved to a nearby indoor tennis court. Taking the. swearing “never to separate” Fearing that the king planned to dismiss them, the delegates moved to a nearby indoor tennis court. Taking the Tennis Court Oath. swearing “never to separate”

13. The National Assembly When reform-minded clergy and nobles joined the Assembly, Louis XVI grudgingly accepted it. When reform-minded clergy and nobles joined the Assembly, Louis XVI grudgingly accepted it. This is the first step in the French Revolution This is the first step in the French Revolution Louis XVI also orders royal troops gathered around Paris, and rumors spread that the king planned to dissolve the Assembly. Louis XVI also orders royal troops gathered around Paris, and rumors spread that the king planned to dissolve the Assembly.

14. The Bastille On July 14, 1789, more than 800 Parisians gathered outside, a medieval fortress used as a prison. Seen as symbol of royal injustice. They demanded weapons believed to be stored there. On July 14, 1789, more than 800 Parisians gathered outside the Bastille, a medieval fortress used as a prison. Seen as symbol of royal injustice. They demanded weapons believed to be stored there. The commander of the Bastille opened fire on the crowd, and a battle ensued, in which many people were killed (98 killed 73 wounded) The commander of the Bastille opened fire on the crowd, and a battle ensued, in which many people were killed (98 killed 73 wounded) The storming of the Bastille quickly became a rallying cry of the French Revolution, a blow to tyranny. The storming of the Bastille quickly became a rallying cry of the French Revolution, a blow to tyranny.

15. Today, the French still celebrate July 14 as Bastille Day. Today, the French still celebrate July 14 as Bastille Day.

16. Chapter 19 Section 2

17. The Start of the Revolution The political crisis of 1789 coincided with the worst famine in memory. Starving peasants roamed the countryside or flocked to the towns. Even people with jobs had to spend most of their income on bread.

18. The Great Fear In such desperate times, rumors ran wild and set off what was later called the “.” In such desperate times, rumors ran wild and set off what was later called the “Great Fear.” In the countryside, peasants attacked the homes and manors of nobles. Burned documents In the countryside, peasants attacked the homes and manors of nobles. Burned documents Lords forced to renounce dues and tithes Lords forced to renounce dues and tithes became the Municipal government in Paris Commune of Paris became the Municipal government in Paris

19. The National Assembly Peasant uprisings and the storming of the Bastille stampeded the National Assembly into action. On August 4, in a combative all-night meeting, nobles in the National Assembly voted to end their privileges. Peasant uprisings and the storming of the Bastille stampeded the National Assembly into action. On August 4, in a combative all-night meeting, nobles in the National Assembly voted to end their privileges. They agreed to give up their old manorial dues They agreed to give up their old manorial dues exclusive hunting rights exclusive hunting rights special legal status special legal status exemption from taxes. exemption from taxes. Ended serfdom/feudalism Ended serfdom/feudalism

20. The National Assembly August 27, 1789 – – written by August 27, 1789 – Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen – written by Marquis de Lafayette with the help of Thomas Jefferson the Marquis de Lafayette, the aristocratic “hero of two worlds” who had fought alongside George Washington in the American Revolution. Lafayette headed the, The Guard was the first group to wear the—a red, white, and blue badge which was eventually adopted as the national flag of France. the Marquis de Lafayette, the aristocratic “hero of two worlds” who had fought alongside George Washington in the American Revolution. Lafayette headed the National Guard, The Guard was the first group to wear the tricolor (symbol of Revolution)—a red, white, and blue badge which was eventually adopted as the national flag of France.

21. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens All citizens equal before the law All citizens equal before the law Innocent until proven guilty Innocent until proven guilty Freedom of religion, press, & from arbitrary arrest Freedom of religion, press, & from arbitrary arrest Property is unbreakable and sacred Property is unbreakable and sacred became the slogan of the Revolution “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” became the slogan of the Revolution

22. “March on Versailles” October 1789 - Women of Paris, protesting the shortage and cost of bread marched on Versailles. October 1789 - Women of Paris, protesting the shortage and cost of bread marched on Versailles. Lafayette – calmed them down but Louis XVI was forced to wear the Tricolor Lafayette – calmed them down but Louis XVI was forced to wear the Tricolor The royal family was forced to move to the – a royal palace in Paris The royal family was forced to move to the Tuileries – a royal palace in Paris National Assembly followed the king to Paris National Assembly followed the king to Paris

23. France and the Church To pay off the huge government debt – National Assembly took over church land and sold it—will alienate Catholic clerics and believers To pay off the huge government debt – National Assembly took over church land and sold it—will alienate Catholic clerics and believers Civil Constitution of the Clergy French government controls the Church French government controls the Church Bishops & priests elected salaried officials Bishops & priests elected salaried officials Ended papal authority over French Church Ended papal authority over French Church Condemned by the pope & many French peasants rejected it Condemned by the pope & many French peasants rejected it

24. The Constitution of 1791 The National Assembly completed its main task by producing a constitution. The National Assembly completed its main task by producing a constitution. set up a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarchy – radicals wanted a republic set up a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarchy – radicals wanted a republic Lawmakers would be elected by tax-paying male citizens Lawmakers would be elected by tax-paying male citizens Many nobles called (political exiles) will flee France Many nobles called émigrés (political exiles) will flee France

25. The Constitution of 1791 The constitution set up the The constitution set up the Legislative Assembly – they had the power to create laws and to approve or prevent any war the king declared The Legislative Assembly was split into three general groups The Legislative Assembly was split into three general groups The radicals The radicals The moderates The moderates The conservatives The conservatives

26. The Radicals Radicals – – sat on the left side of the hall (Jacobins) Radicals – leftists – sat on the left side of the hall (Jacobins) Opposed the idea of a monarch Opposed the idea of a monarch Wanted the common people to have full power in a republic (democracy) Wanted the common people to have full power in a republic (democracy) Extreme left were the Extreme left were the sans-culottes

27. The Moderates Moderates – - sat in the center of the hall Moderates – centrists - sat in the center of the hall Wanted some changes in the government but not as many as the radicals Wanted some changes in the government but not as many as the radicals Could lean to the right or left Could lean to the right or left

28. The Conservatives Conservatives – rightists – sat on the right side of the hall Conservatives – rightists – sat on the right side of the hall Wanted a limited monarchy Wanted a limited monarchy Wanted few changes in government Wanted few changes in government were on the extreme right Émigrés were on the extreme right

29. The Legislative Assembly They will govern for less than a year – faced internal and external enemies They will govern for less than a year – faced internal and external enemies Monarchs throughout Europe wanted to stop the spread of the revolution—imposed repressive policies at home Monarchs throughout Europe wanted to stop the spread of the revolution—imposed repressive policies at home Revolutionary leaders – many of them (political club of radical lawyers)– wanted to spread it throughout Europe Revolutionary leaders – many of them Jacobins (political club of radical lawyers)– wanted to spread it throughout Europe

30. Attempted Escape Many were urging the king and royal family to flee France (king’s brother) Many were urging the king and royal family to flee France (king’s brother) Leopold II, Marie Antoinette’s brother and emperor of Holy Roman Empire included Leopold II, Marie Antoinette’s brother and emperor of Holy Roman Empire included Royal family tried to reach Austrian Netherlands Royal family tried to reach Austrian Netherlands Caught at the city of Varennes (Flight to Varennes)—Louis XVI agreed to Constitution of 1791 Caught at the city of Varennes (Flight to Varennes)—Louis XVI agreed to Constitution of 1791

31. War In 1791, the monarchs of Austria and Prussia had issued the, in which they threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy. In 1791, the monarchs of Austria and Prussia had issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, in which they threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy. April 1792 Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria & Prussia April 1792 Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria & Prussia

32. War At first the war goes badly for France At first the war goes badly for France Poorly organized, equipped, & led Poorly organized, equipped, & led Summer of 1792 enemy forces advancing on Paris Summer of 1792 enemy forces advancing on Paris July 1792 – Duke of Brunswick issued – any harm done to royal family, he will destroy Paris & execute Revolutionary leaders July 1792 – Duke of Brunswick issued Brunswick Manifesto – any harm done to royal family, he will destroy Paris & execute Revolutionary leaders French will rally and defeat Brunswick at the battle of French will rally and defeat Brunswick at the battle of Valmy War will cause high prices and food shortages War will cause high prices and food shortages

33. Results 20,000 Parisians invade the Tuileries – massacred 600 Swiss guards and imprisoned the royal family in a stone tower 20,000 Parisians invade the Tuileries – massacred 600 Swiss guards and imprisoned the royal family in a stone tower – Parisians raided the prisons & murdered over 1,000 prisoners— ordered by Georges Danton who was leader of Jacobins September Massacre – Parisians raided the prisons & murdered over 1,000 prisoners— ordered by Georges Danton who was leader of Jacobins

34. The Radicals September 1792 - Radicals took control of the Assembly and called for the election of a new legislative body called the. September 1792 - Radicals took control of the Assembly and called for the election of a new legislative body called the National Convention. They granted or the right to vote, to all male citizens, not just to property owners. They granted suffrage, or the right to vote, to all male citizens, not just to property owners. Left—Jacobins (the Mountain) Left—Jacobins (the Mountain) Right—Girondins (Conservatives) Right—Girondins (Conservatives) Middle—(the Plain, or Marsh or the Belly) Middle—(the Plain, or Marsh or the Belly)

35. The National Convention Wanted to erase all traces of the old order. It’s first act was to abolish the monarchy and declare France a republic. Wanted to erase all traces of the old order. It’s first act was to abolish the monarchy and declare France a republic. The Jacobins, who controlled the Convention, seized lands of nobles and abolished titles of nobility. The Jacobins, who controlled the Convention, seized lands of nobles and abolished titles of nobility. All French now called “citizen”—king known as “Citizen Capet” All French now called “citizen”—king known as “Citizen Capet”

36. The National Convention Led by radical Jacobins like –editor of the Friend of the People who will be murdered by Charlotte Corday Led by radical Jacobins like Jean Paul Marat –editor of the Friend of the People who will be murdered by Charlotte Corday the Convention put Louis XVI on trial for treason and on January 21, 1793 he was beheaded by the guillotine (invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotin) the Convention put Louis XVI on trial for treason and on January 21, 1793 he was beheaded by the guillotine (invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotin)

37. The National Convention By the start of 1793 the French armies were still suffering but will begin to have success by the end of the year By the start of 1793 the French armies were still suffering but will begin to have success by the end of the year Captured the Austrian Netherlands Captured the Austrian Netherlands Threaten Dutch & Prussia Threaten Dutch & Prussia The National Convention issued a proclamation promising to aid “all peoples wishing to recover their liberty” The National Convention issued a proclamation promising to aid “all peoples wishing to recover their liberty” Issued the Constitution of 1793 Issued the Constitution of 1793

38. The First Coalition March 1793 – Great Britain, the Dutch Netherlands, & Spain joined Austria and Prussia to form the March 1793 – Great Britain, the Dutch Netherlands, & Spain joined Austria and Prussia to form the First Coalition

39. French at War War caused hardships on the home front War caused hardships on the home front Rebellions against the Revolution in region of W. France caused internal strife (used barges to drown thousands) Rebellions against the Revolution in Vendee region of W. France caused internal strife (used barges to drown thousands) French armies were hard pressed to survive against First Coalition French armies were hard pressed to survive against First Coalition

40. Chapter 19 Section 3

41. REIGN OF TERROR the National Convention set aside the Constitution of 1793 and set up the the National Convention set aside the Constitution of 1793 and set up the Committee of Public Safety (COPS) (domestic and foreign)— which is known as the they will wage a brutal campaign against those suspected of being enemies of the state (domestic and foreign)—this was the bloodiest period of the French Revolution which is known as the "Reign of Terror"

42. REIGN OF TERROR gained control of the and was ruthless when dealing with so called enemies of the Revolution (governed as dictator) Maximilien Robespierre gained control of the Committee of Public Safety and was ruthless when dealing with so called enemies of the Revolution (governed as dictator) wanted to establish a whereby all citizens would have high moral standards and be dedicated patriots wanted to establish a "Republic of Virtue" whereby all citizens would have high moral standards and be dedicated patriots

43. REIGN OF TERROR Committee of Public Safety believed that religion was old-fashioned and dangerous— churches were closed throughout France (Cathedral of Notre Dame renamed the Temple of Reason) no Sundays on the new calendar (weeks were 10 days long and the names of the months were associated with the seasons and climate) no Sundays on the new calendar (weeks were 10 days long and the names of the months were associated with the seasons and climate)

44. Reign of Terror COPS passed the which demanded all citizens contribute to war effort—(18-45) COPS passed the levee en masse which demanded all citizens contribute to war effort—mass conscription (18-45) Passed the which allowed the arrest, imprisonment, and death of citizens with little or no evidence Passed the law of suspects which allowed the arrest, imprisonment, and death of citizens with little or no evidence COPS also instituted price and wage controls, food rationing, metric system and censorship of all written materials

45. REIGN OF TERROR tried those suspected of being counter- revolutionaries Revolutionary Tribunals tried those suspected of being counter- revolutionaries Marie Antoinette became one of the first victims of the Reign of Terror many were tried in the morning and executed in the afternoon many were tried in the morning and executed in the afternoon during the Reign of Terror (July 1793 to July 1794) estimated that some 40,000 people were executed during the Reign of Terror (July 1793 to July 1794) Twice as many bourgeoisie than nobles— three times as many peasants/laborers than all other classes Twice as many bourgeoisie than nobles— three times as many peasants/laborers than all other classes

46. REIGN OF TERROR all classes went to the (16%) nobles (8%) clergy (6%) and peasant and working class (70%) all classes went to the guillotine—bourgeoisie (16%) nobles (8%) clergy (6%) and peasant and working class (70%) Put down largest anti-revolutionary movement in the Vendee, Western France It will finally end when Robespierre will finally be arrested and sent to the guillotine on July 28, 1794 It will finally end when Robespierre will finally be arrested and sent to the guillotine on July 28, 1794

47. Thermidorean Reaction power was now in the hands of the wealthy middle-class (Moderates now in control) power was now in the hands of the wealthy middle-class (Moderates now in control) a new constitution - 1795 (3 rd since 1789) was prepared creating an executive body called, a five man body a new constitution - 1795 (3 rd since 1789) was prepared creating an executive body called the Directory, a five man body a two-house legislature a two-house legislature a (lower house) a Council of 500 (lower house) a (elected the Directory) (upper house)—accepted or rejected legislation a Council of Elders (elected the Directory) (upper house)—accepted or rejected legislation Only men who possessed property allowed to vote Only men who possessed property allowed to vote Only men with significant property could hold public office Only men with significant property could hold public office

48. WOMEN IN THE REVOLUTION women played an important role in the Revolution women played an important role in the Revolution wrote the which demanded equal rights for women—be educated, to vote, hold public office—she was later executed Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman which demanded equal rights for women—be educated, to vote, hold public office—she was later executed

49. WOMEN IN THE REVOLUTION women’s rights women’s rights divorce was made easier divorce was made easier women allowed to inherit property women allowed to inherit property as the Revolution progressed women will lose most of what they had gained as the Revolution progressed women will lose most of what they had gained

50. Other developments of the Revolution compulsory elementary education compulsory elementary education extended religious toleration extended religious toleration outlawed slavery in French colonies in the West Indies outlawed slavery in French colonies in the West Indies the most important new development in France was the rise of, an aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country the most important new development in France was the rise of nationalism, an aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

51. Chapter 19 Section 4

52. RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born on the island of Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the island of Corsica (1769)—French citizen by birth (France had acquired Corsica in 1768) sent to military school in Fr. at age 9—showed great promise and graduated as an artillery officer (age 16) sent to military school in Fr. at age 9—showed great promise and graduated as an artillery officer (age 16) during the Revolution and Napoleon became a strong supporter of the Jacobins during the Revolution and Napoleon became a strong supporter of the Jacobins

53. RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE designing the plan that broke the British siege of Toulon in 1793 and became a general (24 yrs. old) designing the plan that broke the British siege of Toulon in 1793 and became a general (24 yrs. old) gained further fame for suppressing an uprising (“Whiff of grapeshot”) in Paris against the Directory and was proclaimed the- "savior of the Revolution" gained further fame for suppressing an uprising (“Whiff of grapeshot”) in Paris against the Directory and was proclaimed the- "savior of the Revolution"

54. RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Napoleon will be given command of the French army sent to Italy in 1796 against the First Coalition—he won battles against the Austrians and Sardinians (Fr. gained control of northern and central Italy) forcing them to sign treaty (France received Austrian Netherlands) which effectively ended the First Coalition Napoleon will be given command of the French army sent to Italy in 1796 against the First Coalition—he won battles against the Austrians and Sardinians (Fr. gained control of northern and central Italy) forcing them to sign treaty (France received Austrian Netherlands) which effectively ended the First Coalition Britain now isolated Britain now isolated

55. RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 1798 invaded Egypt and Napoleon's troops will conquer Egypt (threaten British control of Eastern Mediterranean) 1798 invaded Egypt and Napoleon's troops will conquer Egypt (threaten British control of Eastern Mediterranean) British fleet under defeated the French navy at the in 1798 (left French army stranded) British fleet under Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated the French navy at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 (left French army stranded)

56. Napoleon Takes Power Nov. 10, 1799 Napoleon (30) along with two of the Directors staged a, seizure of power by force against the Directory (helped by his brother Lucien) Nov. 10, 1799 Napoleon (30) along with two of the Directors staged a coup d'etat, seizure of power by force against the Directory (helped by his brother Lucien) Set up the, made up of three consuls, one being Napoleon— a new constitution (1799) was issued with Napoleon as Set up the Consulate, made up of three consuls, one being Napoleon— a new constitution (1799) was issued with Napoleon as First Consul (1802 made First Consul for life) France at war with the Second Coalition

57. NAPOLEON'S DOMESTIC POLICY issued a general amnesty, which allowed emigres to stream back to France issued a general amnesty, which allowed emigres to stream back to France required public servants to swear loyalty to him (used monarchists-as well as Jacobins) so he will be able to use the talents of many people required public servants to swear loyalty to him (used monarchists-as well as Jacobins) so he will be able to use the talents of many people set up a secret police force to root out his opponents set up a secret police force to root out his opponents Used plebiscite (popular vote) to make everything legal Used plebiscite (popular vote) to make everything legal Deprived French people of political and freedom of expression (he believed it served to encourage anarchy) Deprived French people of political and freedom of expression (he believed it served to encourage anarchy)

58. Centralized Government Napoleon reorganized and centralized the assessment and collection of taxes (French government on solid financial footing) Napoleon reorganized and centralized the assessment and collection of taxes (French government on solid financial footing) Placed prefects to administer each of the country’s 83 departments and a sub-prefect in each district to help centralize authority Established new state-controlled system of elite secondary schools () Established new state-controlled system of elite secondary schools (lycees)

59. NAPOLEON'S DOMESTIC POLICY - Concordat of 1801 - Catholicism will be recognized as the religion of French citizens Pope Pius VII agreed Pope Pius VII agreed not to challenge the titles of all those who had bought Church lands confiscated by the revolutionary state agreed to pay salaries of bishops and priests with an oath of loyalty to the government state agreed to pay salaries of bishops and priests with an oath of loyalty to the government French bishops would be selected (invested) by the papacy with the recommendation of the First Consul French bishops would be selected (invested) by the papacy with the recommendation of the First Consul toleration of Jews and Protestants remained in effect toleration of Jews and Protestants remained in effect went back to the Christian calendar went back to the Christian calendar

60. Napoleon’s Foreign Policy Victories against Third Coalition (1805-1807) allowed Napoleon to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire—he will set up the which he ruled as protectorate Victories against Third Coalition (1805-1807) allowed Napoleon to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire—he will set up the Confederation of the Rhine which he ruled as protectorate Won victories at Austerlitz victory) Won victories at Austerlitz and Jena(greatest victory) Napoleon made his brothers Jerome (King of Westphalia), Louis (King of Holland) and Joseph (King of Naples and later King of Spain) monarchs (nepotism) Napoleon made his brothers Jerome (King of Westphalia), Louis (King of Holland) and Joseph (King of Naples and later King of Spain) monarchs (nepotism) Louisiana sold to USA (1803)—rebellion in Haiti led Louisiana sold to USA (1803)—rebellion in Haiti led by Toussaint L’Ouverture gained independence for Haiti in (1804)

62. Napoleon’s Foreign Policy Napoleon ruled the Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands directly Napoleon ruled the Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands directly Austria, Prussia and Russia were tied to him as allies Austria, Prussia and Russia were tied to him as allies Napoleon will divorce his first wife and marry, the daughter of the Austrian emperor, Francis I Napoleon will divorce his first wife Josephine and marry Marie Luisa, the daughter of the Austrian emperor, Francis I

63. Napoleon’s Foreign Policy Napoleon set up the Continental System which was a plan designed to force Britain to surrender by destroying its economy all European ports were ordered closed to British ships and goods French privateers were authorized to attack British ships French privateers were authorized to attack British ships Lost Battle of Trafalgar (1805) which forced Napoleon to give up his plans to restore French empire in America—Nelson killed (smuggling and black marketeering was widespread) system proved almost impossible to enforce (smuggling and black marketeering was widespread)

64. Chapter 19 Section 5

65. THE END OF NAPOLEON In Spain Napoleon became involved in what became known as the In Spain Napoleon became involved in what became known as the Peninsular War 1807 French troops moved into Portugal (failed to support Continental system)—supply lines through Spain 1807 French troops moved into Portugal (failed to support Continental system)—supply lines through Spain Spanish patriots became upset when Napoleon placed his brother. Joseph on their throne in 1808 Spanish patriots became upset when Napoleon placed his brother. Joseph on their throne in 1808 Spanish peasant fighters practiced guerrilla warfare Spanish peasant fighters practiced guerrilla warfare Spanish we're aided by the British under the leadership of who will later become the Spanish we're aided by the British under the leadership of Arthur Wellesley who will later become the Duke of Wellington (naval power allowed reinforcements with ease Drained French resources (500,000 troops)

66. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA In 1812, Tsar of Russia decided to resume trading with Great Britain in violation of the Continental System In 1812 Alexander I, Tsar of Russia decided to resume trading with Great Britain in violation of the Continental System

67. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA-1812 to punish Alexander I Napoleon assembled the of some 600,000 men and invaded Russia—Napoleon's plan was to meet the Russian army in one huge battle, winning and forcing Russia to surrender to punish Alexander I Napoleon assembled the Grand Army of some 600,000 men and invaded Russia—Napoleon's plan was to meet the Russian army in one huge battle, winning and forcing Russia to surrender

68. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA the Russian army did not stand and fight but retreated pulling the French army further into Russia—as they retreated they practiced the policy of burning and destroying anything that the Grand Army could use the Russian army did not stand and fight but retreated pulling the French army further into Russia—as they retreated they practiced the "scorched earth" policy of burning and destroying anything that the Grand Army could use Fought battle of Borodino with both sides suffering heavy casualties Fought battle of Borodino with both sides suffering heavy casualties

69. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA Napoleon's army reached Moscow in Sept. 1812 finding the city on fire Napoleon's army reached Moscow in Sept. 1812 finding the city on fire Napoleon was forced to order a retreat Napoleon was forced to order a retreat Russian winter set in—one of the worst in recorded history Russian winter set in—one of the worst in recorded history

70. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA Russians attacked the retreating army in hit and run attacks Russians attacked the retreating army in hit and run attacks only 100,000 men came out of Russia of which only 10,000 were in fighting condition only 100,000 men came out of Russia of which only 10,000 were in fighting condition

71. The End of Napoleon the was established and attacked Napoleon and his hastily prepared army at Leipzig at the the Fourth Coalition was established and attacked Napoleon and his hastily prepared army at Leipzig at the Battle of the Nations Napoleon will be exiled to the island of in the Mediterranean Sea Napoleon will be exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea, the Bourbon king and brother of Louis XVI was placed on the throne Louis XVIII, the Bourbon king and brother of Louis XVI was placed on the throne

72. Napoleon’s Return Napoleon will escape from Elba and return to France on March 1, 1815 Napoleon will escape from Elba and return to France on March 1, 1815 people will rally to his flag forcing Louis XVIII to flee people will rally to his flag forcing Louis XVIII to flee this period is known as the this period is known as the Hundred Days

73. Waterloo Fourth Coalition forces will react quickly and met Napoleons new army in Belgium at Fourth Coalition forces will react quickly and met Napoleons new army in Belgium at Waterloo and Prussian general, Blucher the leaders of the forces were the British commander, Duke of Wellington and Prussian general, Blucher

74. The End Napoleon suffered his final defeat and was exiled to in the South Atlantic where he died in 1821 Napoleon suffered his final defeat and was exiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic where he died in 1821

75. Effects of Napoleon The Napoleonic Code (1807) and the ideals of political and social justice were lasting effects of the Napoleonic Era—individual not as important as the state Men granted greater authority over their wives and children Replaced outdated legal system—uniform legal system Equality of all citizens before the law and the abolition of privileges based on birth Citizens allowed to pursue occupations of their choice, religious toleration, abolish serfdom and feudalism Legal reforms were among Napoleon’s most enduring achievements (used in other European lands)

76. Effects of Napoleon French soldiers also spread the ideals of the French Revolution throughout Europe French soldiers also spread the ideals of the French Revolution throughout Europe feelings of nationalism spread throughout Europe feelings of nationalism spread throughout Europe Established elite secondary schools known as lycees—free public education with uniform educational standards Established elite secondary schools known as lycees—free public education with uniform educational standards Established the Bank of France—everyone paid taxes Established the Bank of France—everyone paid taxes France was no longer the most powerful nation in Europe—Great Britain became the dominate power France was no longer the most powerful nation in Europe—Great Britain became the dominate power

77. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA Leaders at the Congress of Vienna Leaders at the Congress of Vienna Prince – —Austria——anti-democratic policy (conservatism)—feared the spread of nationalism Prince Clemens von Metternich – most important person at Congress—Austria—status quo—anti-democratic policy (conservatism)—feared the spread of nationalism Alexander I represented Russia—establish Holy Alliance—fight against revolutions Alexander I represented Russia—establish Holy Alliance—fight against revolutions represented Great Britain—did not want France want become power again Lord Robert Castlereagh represented Great Britain—did not want France want become power again represented the French Maurice de Talleyrand represented the French Prince Karl von Hardenburg represented Prussia—get Prussian land back Prince Karl von Hardenburg represented Prussia—get Prussian land back

78. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA The chief goal was to create a lasting peace in Europe The chief goal was to create a lasting peace in Europe establish a balance of power establish a balance of power protect the system of monarchy in Europe—promoted the policy of legitimacy –returning power to ruling families deposed earlier protect the system of monarchy in Europe—promoted the policy of legitimacy –returning power to ruling families deposed earlier Principle of compensation was followed (one major state made gains, then the other major states should be compensated Principle of compensation was followed (one major state made gains, then the other major states should be compensated The decisions made at Vienna set the stage for European politics for the next 100 years The decisions made at Vienna set the stage for European politics for the next 100 years

79. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA to contain French ambitions the Congress ringed France with strong countries' () to contain French ambitions the Congress ringed France with strong countries' (policy of containment) established the, a peacekeeping organization which included all the major powers of Europe established the Concert of Europe, a peacekeeping organization which included all the major powers of Europe Leaders promised to maintain a balance of power Leaders promised to maintain a balance of power suppress any uprisings inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. suppress any uprisings inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution.