1. Chapter 12 Vocab By: Levi Collins

2. Section One Ethnic Group: Groups of people with shared ancestry, language, customs, and religion Ethnic Cleansing: Serb leaders killed or expelled rival ethnic groups

3. Section One Refugee: People who flee to a different country for safety Urbanization: Concentration of a population

4. Section Two City-state: Separate communities Middle Ages: Period between ancient and modern times Feudalism: A system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty Crusades: A series of brutal religious wars

5. Section Two Renaissance: A 300-year period of discovery and learning Reformation: Lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church and led to the beginnings of Protestantism Enlightenment: Europeans emphasized the importance of reason and began to question long-standing traditions and values Industrial Capitalism: Economic system in which business leaders used profits to expand their companies

6. Section Two Communism: Philosophy that called for a society based on economic equality in which the workers would control the factories and industrial production Reparations: Payments for damage Holocaust: Mass killing of European Jews Cold War: Power struggle between the communist world and the noncommunist world

7. Section Two European Union: An organization whose goal was a united Europe Section Three Dialect: Local forms of language Language Family: A group of related languages

8. Section Three Good Friday Peace Agreement: Paved the way for Roman Catholic communities and Protestant communities to share political Power Romanticism: Focused on emotions Realism: An artistic style that focused on accurately depicting the details of everyday life

9. Section Three Impressionist: French painters Welfare State: Countries with tax- supported programs for higher education