1. Mr. Marston Geography Dominion Christian High School

2. Europe is ethnically diverse Migration Cultural diffusion Conflict Changing borders

3. Europe

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6. 160 million ethnic groups: shared ancestry, language, customs, and religion. Ex. Sweden: ethnic majority (Swedes) Belgium (Flemings and the Walloons) Flemings (56%) Walloons (32%)

7. Ethnic Tension: Yugoslavia Balkan Peninsula (See Yugoslavia powerpoint) Serbia Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina Kosovo Albania Ethnic Cleansing: the expulsion or killing of rival ethnic groups. Refugees: people who flee to a foreign country for safety.

8. Sources of Unity: Common attitudes and Values Europeans value the past and the cultural achievement of their ancestors Pride in families Commitment to democracy Commitment to free markets, but with some governmental regulation Left leaning in government orientation

9. Europe: Population Characteristics 2 nd in land area to Australia 3 rd in population behind Asia and Africa 620 million people live in Europe ________the largest country in terms of population ________the smallest country in terms of population Population Density: 2 nd highest population density behind Asia.

10. Where people live Favorable climates Plains Fertile soil Mineral resources Inland waterways Major population areas a. United Kingdom to France into the Czech Republic and Poland b. Southeastern France to Northern Italy

11. Urbanization Industrial Revolution transformed Europe from an agricultural society to an urban one. Urbanization: concentration of populations in towns and cities. 75% of Europeans live in cities. Paris, FranceStockholm, Sweden London, EnglandBudapest, Hungary Rome, ItalyAthens, Greece Madrid, Spain Berlin, Germany

12. Population Movements 1800’s and early 1900’s: many Europeans migrated to the Americas, Africa, and the South Pacific. Fewer Europeans have left since the mid 1900’s. More foreigners are moving to Europe for economic opportunities. France: immigrants from North Africa Germany: Turkey, Greece, and Balkan countries Britain: South Asia, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern countries Balancing act between accommodation of immigrants and limiting further immigration

13. History an Government Early Civilizations: a) Ancient Greece Greek city states: independent towns (Athens, Sparta, Corinth) with own government and military, but possessed similar culture and language as other city states in Rome. Athens introduced Western democracy, although only male citizens could vote. a) Rome: From Republic to Empire. Rome controlled much of Europe and parts of the Middle East at its height of power.

14. Ancient Greece

16. Roman Empire

17. Hail Caesar!

18. Christianity Under the Emperor Constantine, Christianity became religiously tolerated in the Empire in 313 A.D.

19. Split of Roman Empire

20. Byzantine Empire Capital of Constantinople Eastern Orthodox Church Present day Istanbul

21. Middle Ages (500 to 1,000 A.D.) Feudalism: system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledge of fealty (loyalty) Roman Catholic Church became primary institution in western Europe Cathedrals and monasteries were major centers of learning Islam and Judaism influenced Europe.

22. Expansion of Europe Crusades: series of wars fought against the Muslims in the Middle East: to win back the Holy Land. One result: Opened up trade routes to the East (Spices, jade, porcelain) and other goods were traded with Asia

23. Renaissance (1300-1500) “Rebirth” of ancient Greek and Roman Texts An intentional examination of ancient works that emphasized and focused on the individual Elevation of man Invention of movable type printing

24. Reformation 1517-1600 Religious movement which emphasized Sola scriptura Sola fide Priesthood of all believers Deemphasized Roman Catholic Church rituals and practices Martin Luther: Started the Reformation in Holy Roman Empire (Germany) that led to the growth of Protestantism

25. European Exploration Spain and Portugal discovered new waterways to Asia and explored North America Later explorations sponsored by France, England, and Holland

26. Enlightenment (1600’s-1700’s) Enlightenment: a movement that questioned many of the longstanding traditions and values of the time. Medicine Medical innovations Astronomy: From a ge0-centric to a helio-centric view

27. Revolutions English Revolution: passed Bill of Rights that limited the king’s power. Parliament would become supreme. French Revolution: overthrew the king and spread the forces of liberty, equality, and fraternity (brotherhood) Revolutions of 1830 and 1848: attempts at overthrowing the status quo monarchies of Europe. Industrial Revolution: transformed Europe from an economy based on agriculture to an urban based one. Industrial capitalism: an economic system in which business leaders used profits to expand their companies.

28. New social classes developed under industrial capitalism Middle class of merchants and factory owners Working class of factory laborers Social problems led to the rise of Communism: a philosophy that called for a society based on economic equality in which the workers would control the factories and means of production.

29. World War I and World War II End of Empires: Russia, Austro-Hungary and Germany Independent countries form in SE Europe Reparations: payments made to victorious side to pay for war. World War II: Rise of fascism and totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany. Holocaust: the purposeful mass killing of millions of Jews during World War II.

30. Europe Divided: 1945-1989 Capitalist West Communist East Cold War: a struggle between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies throughout Europe and the world. Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation: West Germany formed from British, American, and French zones East Germany: formed from Russian zone Construction of the Berlin Wall: “Anti-Imperialist Wall”

31. 1950’s to 1980’s Challenges against Communism took place Hungary 1956 Czechoslovakia: “Prague Spring” in 1968 Poland under Lech Walesa and Solidarity, the first free labor union in the communist world. 1989: Eastern European governments began to fall. Reunification of Germany Czechoslovakia split into Czech Republic and Slovakia

32. Languages and Dialects Dialects: local forms of languages Language family: group of related languages that developed from an earlier language. Slavic Baltic Germanic Romance: Languages of the Roman Empire Not Indo-European: Uralic: Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian Basque: in Spain

33. Religion Christianity Roman Catholic and Protestant Judaism Islam

34. Changes in Western Europe EU: “European Union.” organization of countries that reduced trade barriers and made the movement of goods and services easier. The Maastricht Treaty: (1992) set goals for a central bank and a common currency (Euro)