1. The Industrial Revolution Mechanization, Urban Growth, Proletarianization, Consumption

2. Mechanization During the first half of the 19 th century, the European manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine in a factory setting.

3. At the Expense of Workers The shift meant high quality products at competitive prices, but often at the expense of workers. For example, the raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from: –Lands converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs –The southern plantations of the United States, which were dependent upon slave labor

4. Urban Growth Those who could no longer make a living on the land migrated from the countryside to the cities to seek work in the factories. 1850: Population Living in Cities

5. Population Growth At the same time, the population of Europe continued to grow.

6. The Plight of the Cities The sheer number of human beings put pressure on city resources: –Housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting were completely inadequate.  Slums grew and disease, especially cholera, ravaged the population.  Crime increased and became a way of life for those who could make a living in no other way.

7. Conditions in the Countryside The only successful farmers were those with large landholdings who could afford agricultural innovations. Most peasants: –Didn’t have enough land to support themselves –Were devastated by poor harvests (e.g., the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-47) –Were forced to move to the cities to find work in the factories.

8. The Role of the Railroads The railroads, built during the 1830s and 1840s: –Enabled people to leave the place of their birth and migrate easily to the cities. –Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw materials and finished products. –Created an increased demand for iron and steel and a skilled labor force.

9. The Labor Force No single description could include all of these 19 th century workers: –Factory workers –Urban artisans –Domestic system craftsmen –Household servants –Miners –Countryside peddlers –Farm workers –Railroad workers Variations in duties, income, and working conditions made it difficult for them to unite.

10. The Condition of Labor All working people, however, faced possible unemployment, with little or no provision for security. In addition, they were subject to various kinds of discipline: –The closing of factory gates to late workers –Fines for tardiness –Firing for poor quality workmanship –Beatings for non-submissiveness –(When questioning authority)

11. Prolitarianization During the century, factory workers underwent a process of proletarianization (i.e., they lost control of the means of production).  Factory owners provided the financial capital to construct the factory, to purchase the machinery, and to secure the raw materials.  The factory workers merely exchanged their labor for wages.

12. Family Structures Changed With the decline of the domestic system and the rise of the factory system, family life changed. –At first, the entire family, including the children, worked in the factory, just as they had at home. –Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic chores, the children went to school).

13. Family as a Unit of Consumption In short, the European family changed from being a unit of production and consumption to being a unit of consumption alone.

14. Gender-Determined Roles That transformation prepared the way for gender-determined roles. –Women came to be associated with domestic duties, such as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, and household management. –The man came to be associated almost exclusively with breadwinning.

15. Industrial – Having to do with industry, business or manufacturing Revolution – a huge change or a change in the way things are done Industrial Revolution – a change from making things by hand to making them in factories.

16. Transportation Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on the horse and their own feet to get around. With the invention of the steam locomotive, transportation took a huge step forward. The first two major railroad companies were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

17. Passenger carriers

19. An original steam engine

20. Steam locomotive

21. Leland Stanford Leland Stanford was a business tycoon, (a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry) co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, creator of Stanford University, and the governor of California.

22. Textiles With the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom, the textile industry took off. Clothes could now be made far faster than ever before.

23. Spinning wheel The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow. Threads were spun one at a time, by hand. The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow. Threads were spun one at a time, by hand.

24. The spinning jenny The spinning jenny could spin up to eight thread at time. The spinning jenny was much faster than the spinning wheel.

25. The Spinning Mule The spinning mule used water power to spin the thread, which was much faster than doing it by hand. More cloth could now be made.

26. The Power Mule

27. The power loom The power loom used water power to weave cloth People could make a lot of cloth quickly. The power loom used water power to weave cloth People could make a lot of cloth quickly.

29. A cotton factory

30. Agriculture Advances in agriculture were also made. The invention of the seed drill allowed farmers to plant many more seeds much more quickly. The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops more efficiently. More crops could now be grown feeding an increasing population.

31. The seed drill

32. The reaper The reaper was used to cut down the harvest. As you can see, it would take a long time to do it by hand.

33. The mechanical reaper The mechanical reaper was a lot faster than doing the hand reaper

34. Steel With the invention of steel, buildings could be made much taller. Steel was much harder than iron, which would bend if made too tall. The steel industry created many new products, and led to the invention of the car.

35. Smoke stacks of a factory

36. A melting plant

37. Pollution One of the bad things about industrialization was pollution, as you could see in the earlier slides.

38. Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business. He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg. Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business. He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg.

39. The electric light Can you imagine what life would be like without the electric light? Thomas Edison invented the electric light. Thomas Edison also invented many other things, like the phonograph.

40. Thomas Edison

42. The phonograph

43. Telegraph In 1844, Samuel Morse demonstrates his telegraph by sending a message to Baltimore from the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC. The message, "What hath God wrought?," marks the beginning of a new era in communication. The telegraph used dots and dashes to send messages over electric lines. These dots and dashes became known as Morse Code.

46. Telephone Alexander Graham Bell patented the first telephone in 1876.

48. John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller became the richest man in the world in the oil business. He created Standard Oil Company. Oil began being used in all types of machines, like cars.

49. Henry Ford Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T. The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable. Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T. The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable.

51. Samuel Gompers With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers. Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers. With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers. Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

52. What are the similarities between Carnegie, Rockefeller, Stanford, and Ford? They were all leaders of big business

53. Orville and Wilber Wright The Wright brothers were the first men to successfully fly an airplane. The flight lasted only twelve seconds, but it proved men could fly.