1. CommunicationCommunication Lecture 9

2. Communication as a process Communication is a process of transmitting information from one person to another. Effective communication is the process of sending a message in such a way that it is received as close in the meaning as possible to the message intended.

3. Conditions for effective communication Two people must be involved; There must be information to be communicated; Some attempt must be made to transmit this information.

4. Importance of communication for managers It is related to the basic management functions-planning, organizing, leading and controlling; Communication is vital for the managerial roles- interpersonal.

5. Communication process It begins when the sender wants to transmit idea, fact, opinion, etc; The next step is encoding the meaning into a form appropriate for the situation; Encoding takes the form of words, facial expressions, gestures and physical actions. The next step is transmitting the message by using the appropriate channel. The channel can be memos, meetings, letters, reports and phone calls,

6. Forms of interpersonal communication Oral communication. It is preferred by managers as it gives effective feedback, opportunities for interaction. It may take the form of: -Phone conversation; -Interview; -Oral report; it needs preliminary preparation including planning and gathering of facts, formulating of conclusions and proposals -Meeting; everyone should participate during the meeting.The chairman is leading it, he starts the meeting and gives word to the others.

7. Written communications Managers should plan them. They take the form of: -Short report. It contains ideas and proposals for some event. the main elements of it are: goals, methods of gathering an information; -Report. It gives review and appraisal of current events, happening in the organization. -Memorandum; it is used for internal communication. It contains proposals for initiatives, ideas, something new.

8. Vertical communication It is the communication that flows both up and down the organization, usually along formal reporting lines. It is the communication between managers and their subordinates;

9. Upward communication It consists of messages from subordinates to their managers. It takes the form of requests, complaints and financial information.

10. Horizontal communication It is a communication that flows laterally within the organization; It involves colleagues at the same level of the organizations.

11. Formal communication This communication is following the organizational structure; It is the exchange of information between people in the organization of which one is having formal authority; It may take the form of instructions, procedures, reports.

12. Requirements for formal communications Define the directions of communication; Plan more and various communication forms as well as various channels; Give access of people at the lowest level to communicate with the decision makers; Forecast the possible barriers in the communications; Design the communication networks.

13. Communication networks It is a pattern through which the members of the group communicate. there are several types of networks: -wheel. It is a centralized network as one person receives and disseminates the information; -Y pattern is less decentralized as two people are close to the center; -The chain offers a more even flow of information among members; -In the circle, each person is communicating with the next. -All- the channel network allows a free information among al members.

14. Group task Present the possible communication channels in a hotel.