1. COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individual and / or organization so that an understanding response results.

2. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
CLARITY
COMPLETENESS
CONCISENESS
CONSIDERATION
COURTSEY
CORRECTNESS

3. NEED OF COMMUNICATION
To establish and disseminate goals of an enterprise.
To develop plans for the achievement.
To organize human and other resources in an effective and efficient way.
To select, develop and appraise members of the organization.
To lead, direct, motivate and create a climate in which people want to contribute.
To control performance.

4. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
A SENDER : Who sends out the message.

5. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
A RECEIVER : Who receives the message.

6. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
A MEDIUM : Through which the message is communicated. This medium could be written, oral or nonverbal. In addition to the sender and receiver, message and the medium there are two other features in the communication process.

7. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
NOISE : This refers to the factors that hinder effective communication.

8. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
FEEDBACK : This is the process that ensures that the two way communication occurs so that the sender and receiver of the message can make sure that the intended message and the received message are the same. Thus, feedback facilitates effective communication.

9. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
MESSAGE
MESSAGE
INFORMATION SOURCE
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
DESTINATION
SIGNAL
RECEIVED SIGNAL
NOISE SOURCE

10. EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION
When the intended (sent) message is the same as the interpreted or (recovered) message. Communication is effective when message is transmitted at least in terms of time, money, effort and other resources.

11. COMMUNICATION MODES AND MEDIA
ORAL - Could be face to face or over a telephone.
WRITTEN - Letters, notice boards, magazines, news papers, etc.
NON VERBAL - Transmitted through gestures, facial expressions and body language.
GRAPEVINE - A powerful medium through which message get transmitted by word of mouth.

12. GIVING FEEDBACK Give specific and not general or vague feedback.
Give feedback immediately or soon after the event.
Give on aspects that the receiver can rectify.
Be descriptive and not evaluative.
Give feedback on a few critical issues- a long list of defects will discourage and demotivate.
Examine his own motivation in giving feedback- is he giving it in helping mode or a power mode.
Be sure that the receiver is ready to receive feedback. If he is too defensive or too rigid giving feedback is difficult.
Be non- threatening, disregard the status effect.

13. RECEIVING FEEDBACK Have the motivation (desire) to receive.
Be non- defensive.
Be an active listener.
Seek clarification from time to time.
After the feedback, think through the issues and work -out a plan of action in order to benefit from any valid feedback.

14. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
SEMANTIC PROBLEMS
STATUS EFFETCS
PHYSICAL DISTRACTIONS
INFORMATION OVERLOAD
TIME PRESSURE
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
TRUST LEVEL
PERCEPTUAL DIFFERENCE
ABSENCE OF TWO WAY COMMUNICATION
GRAPEVINE

15. COMMUNICATION PATTERNS
DOWNWARD, when it flows from the superior tot he subordinate.
UPWARD, when the flow if from the subordinate to the superior.
LATERAL, when it takes place at peer level.
DIAGONAL, when communication takes place between a manager and members of other work groups.

16. COMMUNICATION NTWORK
CHAIN : Where one person transmits information to another as per the chain of the organizational hierarchy.
WHEEL : Where one person can communicate with number of other persons who do not communicate with each other.
CIRCLE : Where each of the individual can communicate with all others.
INVERTED: Where two people report to a boss who has two level above.

17. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
TA is a technique for examining the nature of the interpersonal communication between two individuals and to analyze whether or not effective communication is taking place.
Parent Ego State
Parent Ego State
Adult Ego State
Adult Ego State
Child Ego State
Child Ego State

18. PURPOSE OF SUPERIOR- SUBORDINATE’S COMMUNCIATION
To give specific task directives about job instruction.
To give information about organization’s procedures and practices.
To provide information and rationale of jobs.
To tell about subordinate’s performance.
To provide ecological type information to facilitate the indoctrination of goals.
To provide any other useful information / instructions to clarify message or for any other useful purpose like building trust, raise morale, etc.

19. DECISION MAKING
Decision making involves making a choice from available or generated alternatives. When decision is made by face - to- face group (a task group or a committee or a departmental team) every member is potential contributor to the process of decision making which involves understanding the problem or the issue, breaking down the problem or the issue into its meaningful comments which indicate the real problems on which decisions are required, formulating a general strategy in terms of sequence of action steps, generating alternatives, providing and pooling required information, generating favorable and unfavorable points for each alternative, coming to a shared understanding, making a final choice and getting commitment of all members to the choice made. The main advantage of a group is that it has more resources than a single individual has , and as the saying goes no one of us is a bright as all of us.

20. FACTORS HINDERING CONSENSUS
DOMINATION BY A FEW
WITHDRAWAL
TENDENCY TO MAKE QUICK DECISION
TESTING STRENGTH
AVOIDING CONFRONTATION
TRADING OR COMPROMISING

21. THE SKILLS IN DECISION MAKING BY CONSENSUS
Three categories of skills may help members to move towards consensus. These skills relate to
Problem Solving Skills
Task Facilitating Skills
Group Building Skills

22. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS
Decision priorities
Analysing the problem at several levels
Generating alternatives
Discussing consequences of each alternative
Developing criteria for decision making
Reviewing

23. TASK FACILITATING SKILLS
Initiative
Asking for information
Giving information
Summarizing
Expressing opinion
Synthesizing
Focusing on strategies
Time keeping

24. GROUP BUILDING SKILLS Listening Expressing and responding to feelings
Gate keeping
Supporting
Building on other’s ideas
Encouraging silent members
Process reviewing

25. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
Define Problem
Analyze Problem
Establish Criteria of Solution
Propose alternative solution
Pick Up The Best Solution
Stop
Successful
Evaluate Results
Apply This Solution
Go Back
Unsuccessful