1. AP Psychology Gloucester High School Mr. Perreault
Motivation
AP Psychology
Gloucester High School
Mr. Perreault

2. Motivation
All the processes involved in starting, directing and maintaining physical and psychological activities

3. Motivation
Psychologists see motivation as being an important part of human nature
It connects observable behavior to internal states
It accounts for variability in behavior
It creates perseverance despite adversity
It relates biology to behavior

4. Types of Motivation
Drive: Biologically instigates motivation. A state of tension is created which we will seek to correct: Thirsty --> Drink water
Motive: Motivational process that is learned: Achievement
While some motivated behaviors clearly fall into one of these categories. Many have roots in both

5. Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic: a desire to perform a behavior because of promised reward or threats of punishments
Intrinsic: A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Generally, intrinsic motivation is stronger but extrinsic has value and often the two work in tandem

6. Problems with Extrinsic Motivation
A primary concern about external rewards is that behaviors maintained by extrinsic motivation alone may not be effectively sustained once the motivation is gone
Will a student’s grade go down if parents stop giving them money for A’s and B’s?
Evidence suggests that the removal of an extrinsic motivation will results in behavior levels lower than before the rewards were given

7. Overjustification
The Overjustification Effect: is the idea that if rewards or motivation for things that people already love to do and would do without a reinforcer, eventually the person’s intrinsic motivation will be replaced by that extrinsic motivation
Pro athletes or musicians

8. Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory: All behaviors will be determined by innate factors and biologically based behaviors that generally lead to survival.
The term instinct was becoming overused, so the psychologist changed the name to“fixed-Action” patterns.
Does this theory really explain behavior?

9. Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates a state of tension (a drive) motivating and organism to satisfy their needs.
DRT states that a person will eat food as a result of a drive of hunger (a state of tension that humans seek to correct)
Theory aims for homeostasis-biological balance

10. Cognitive Social-Learning Theory
Behavior is determined by two factors:
The expectation of attaining a goal
The personal value of the goal
Locus of Control: the extent to which we feel we control the environment around us/our own lives
Intrinsic (we control) or Extrinsic (outside our control)

11. Psychodynamic Theory Motivations comes from the unconscious (id)
We have two basic needs
Eros: desire for sex
Thantos: Aggression and destruction

12. Humanistic Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need
Maslow argued that humans behave to satisfy specific types of needs
Broken into 5 categories
There is a natural ranking to the needs humans have
One must satisfy lower level needs to some degree before attempting to satisfy higher level needs

13. Hierarchy of Needs
Biological/Physiological: Hunger, thirst, warmth, what about sex?
Safety: safe in any environment; physically, mentally, and emotionally
Attachment/Love and Belongingness: desire to belong to something/group
Esteem: seeing oneself as competent or respect from larger society
Self-actualization: Fulfilling your potential, being the best that you can be

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15. Criticisms of Maslow
While a first step, critics claim it is not complete
People often neglect basic physiological needs in favor of social ones
Cross-cultural needs: individualistic vs. collectivist cultures define needs differently
Sensation seeking: why would someone knowing risk their lives for fun? (skydiving)

16. Stress
Stress: a physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation
Stressor: a stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation
In psychology, stress is not a situation, but a response.

17. Traumatic Stressors
Certain events go beyond “normal” stressors, 9/11, Columbine/Sandyhook, Hurricane Katrina
To be considered a Traumatic Stressor it must be a situation that threatens yours or others’ physical safety and promotes a feeling of helplessness
Often, human created catastrophes are worse.

18. Response to Traumatic Stressors
We pass through 5 stages
Psychic Numbness: shock/confusion, lack of understanding
Automatic Action: little awareness of the experience, poor memory/recall
Communal Effort: people work together but with little planning
Letdown: settling-in of the magnitude of the situation
Recovery: survivors adapt to the changes caused by the disaster

19. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Individuals who have endured severe ordeals: rape, combat, and/or torture may experience a delayed pattern of stress symptoms that can appear after the event; sometimes years later.
Symptoms include: distractedness, disorganization, memory difficulties, psychic numbing, feelings of alienations, physical symptoms of anxiety or panic and flashbacks

20. Response to a Normal Stressor
People’s physical responses are fairly universal following a sequence
Initiation of arousal
Protective behavior (Fight or Flight)
Internal response of the autonomic nervous system
Decrease in the immune system

21. Types of Stress
Stress is a vital part of our lives, as long as it is controlled
Acute Stress: temporary pattern of stressor-activated arousal with a distinct onset and limited duration
Chronic Stress: continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time (long term stress)

22. General Adaptation Syndrome
Pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor.

23. Emotion

24. What is Emotion? Emotion consists of a 4 part process
Physiological arousal
Cognitive interpretation
Subjective feelings
Behavioral expression
While our emotions are very different, they all involve a state of mental and physical arousal focused on some events of importance

25. Emotion Basics Emotion emphasizes arousal, both physical and mental
Emotions help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others.

26. Why We Have Emotion
Emotions are the result of genetics and learning, especially early in life
Emotions serve as arousal states that help organisms cope with important recurring situations
Learned emotional responses, along and genetics are both important components of many psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders and phobias

27. Universality of Emotion
Despite different languages. Cultures and social norms, studies show that people “speak” and understand substantially the same facial language the world over
People share a set of universal emotion expressions that give support to the idea of biological heritage

28. Seven Basic Emotions
Paul Eckman, a leading psychologist in emotions suggests humans everywhere can recognize seven basic emotions
Happy, Sad, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Surprise, and Contempt

29. Display Rules
According to Eckman, the seven emotion are universal, but the display rules vary greatly, depending on culture
He defines the rules as the permissible ways of displaying emotions in a given society

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37. Reading Emotion
In addition to being universal, the ability to read facial expressions is nearly ageless. Psychologists think that children as young as 5 have the same ability to recognize emotions on a person’s face as an adult does

38. More Emotions
While we recognize the 7 emotions, most recognize there are other emotions
Robert Plutchik suggests that rather than 7 there are 8 primary emotions and 8 secondary emotions. This is depicted in his wheel of emotion
More complex emotions form when pairs of emotions combine

39. Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotion

40. Origins of Emotion
The biggest breakthrough was the discovery of two distinct emotional pathways in the brain one fast the other slow
Fast: operates on an unconscious level allowing us to respond to stimuli before they can reach the conscious mind
Slow: more complex emotions involving the cerebral cortex and higher order thinking

41. The Limbic System
While distinct, both pathways rely on the Limbic System
The amygdala plays a heavy role in both positive and negative emotions

42. Emotion in Men and Women
In our culture, on average, women are viewed as far more emotional than men, potentially the result of:
Biology and the genetic make up of men and women do lead to women having more emotion: higher levels of hormones
Culture may be the bigger factor: boy and girls learn different lessons. Boys are taught to hide emotions that would be perceived as weakness and praised for emotions that show strength and dominance

43. Lateralization of Emotion
Different parts of our brain deal with different emotions. In the cerebral cortex, the right hemisphere generally specializes in negative emotions and the left hemisphere generally processes more positive emotions. This is known as Lateralization of Emotion

44. Emotion Theories James Lange Two Factor Theory Cannon Bard
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Opponent Process Theory

45. James Lange 1st theory Rooted in our physiology
We experience physical symptoms then based on those symptoms have an emotion
Heavy breathing, sweating, pupil dilation  Anger

46. Two Factor Theory Physiology alone cannot explain emotion
Emotions can share similar physical symptoms
Therefore, the situation must be considered along with the symptoms
Two factors Body and Mind interact to create the emotion

47. Cannon Bard Emotion and Physical Symptoms happen simultaneously
There is no assessing the situation
1st to discuss the “Fight or Flight” Mechanism

48. Fight or Flight
When confronted with a threatening situation a person makes a split second decision to stay in the situation and “Fight” or get out “Flight”.
Animalistic/instinctual

49. Cognitive Appraisal Theory
The thought that we look back at situations and consciously decide how we should feel about the situation

50. Opponent Process Theory
We trigger one emotion by suppressing its opposite emotion
Every emotion has an equal and opposite emotion.
You cannot feel emotion A (fear) at the same time as you feel emotion B (calm).
As emotion A increases emotion B decreases

51. Yerkes-Dodson Law
A degree of psychological arousal helps performance but only to a certain point.
Too much or too little can decrease performance
Known as the Inverted U

52. Inverted U