1. The Present Perfect Grammar Notes A cura della Dott.ssa Barbara Meloni

2. The Present Perfect FORM The Present Perfect is formed with the Present of have + the past participle: I have worked Have I worked? I haven’t worked

3. The Present Perfect USE: 1.UNFINISHED PAST: it is used to express an action that started in the past and still continues: I’ve been a teacher for 5 years. FOR: for ten years, two weeks, half an hour, ages…..for+ a period of time.

4. The Present Perfect SINCE: Since January, Christmas, last year: Since + a point in time 2.EXPERIENCE: The Present Perfect is used to express an action that happened in the past and is finished, but we are not interested in when. We are interested in the experience as part of someone’s life: Have you ever had an operation?

5. The Present Perfect 3. Present Result: The Present Perfect expresses a past action that has a present result. She has broken her leg (This is why she can’t walk). It is also common to talk about news in the Present Perfect, because the speaker emphasizes the event as a present fact: Have you heard? Mary has had a baby.

6. The Present Perfect 4. An Uncompleted action you are expecting: We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. It means that we are still waiting for the action to happen: James has not finished his homework yet. Bill has still not arrived.

7. The Present Perfect 5.Change over time: We use the Present Perfect to talk about a change that has happened over a period of time: You have grown since the last time I saw you. 6. Achievements: We use the Present Perfect to talk about the achievements of individuals and humanity: Man has walked on the moon. My son has learned how to read.

8. The Present Perfect Final Notes: The Present Perfect relates past to present. It is a tense that expresses the effects of past actions and activities on the present. Present Perfect means “ Before now ”. It doesn’t express when an action happened. If we say the exact time, we use the Simple Past.

9. The Present Perfect

10. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect