1. 1787 THE CONSTITUTION

2. DRAFTING THE CONSTITUTION Nationalists Strengthen the Government Shay’s Rebellion 1787 MA farmers band together to close the courts because they were facing debtors prison (led by Daniel Shays_ State officials call out the militia- 4 farmers are killed Every state had debt ridden farmers Nation afraid of rebellion Philadelphia Convention1787 12 States send delegates to help resolve the problems of the AOC Most agreed that the national government needed to be strengthened and it was decided that a new government needed to be formed Key Players: James Madison (*known as the Father of the Constitution) and Roger Sherman

3. KEY CONFLICTS AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION Central Government -consent of the governed -central government should be sovereign (supreme) Strong States -authority from the states -states should be sovereign Large States -wanted VA plan, vote by population, bicameral legislature Small States -wanted NJ plan, one vote per state, unicameral legislature North -didn’t want to include slaves in state population for representation -wanted to tax for slaves South -wanted to include slaves in state population for representation -didn’t want to be taxed for them

4. CONFLICT LEADS TO COMPROMISE: BIG STATES VS. SMALL STATE VA Plan (James Madison) Called for a government with: 3 separate branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial Bicameral Legislature: 2 house legislature based on a state’s population (Lower House = House of Representatives) Popularly elected (Upper House = Senate) Chosen from the house lists of nominees Congress given all the powers that it held under the AOC In addition, Congress would have powers to legislate all cases Veto any state Law in Conflict with national law Use force if necessary to make the state obey the national law QUESTION: WHY DO YOU THINK THE SMALL STATES WOULD HAVE DISAGREED WITH THIS PLAN?!?

5. CONFLICT LEADS TO COMPROMISE: BIG STATES VS. SMALL STATE NJ Plan (William Patterson) Called for Unicameral (Single House Congress): each state has 1 vote. In Congress: Each state would be equally represented Gained power to tax and to regulate trade between states Called for a Federal Executive of more than 1 person who could be removed at the request of the majority QUESTION: WHY DO YOU THINK THE LARGE STATES WOULD HAVE DISAGREED WITH THIS PLAN?!?

6. CONFLICT LEADS TO COMPROMISE: BIG STATES VS. SMALL STATE The Great Compromise/ CT Compromise (Roger Sherman) Congress should be composed of 2 houses In (Smaller House) Senate: Each state has equal representation in the Senate In (Upper House) House of Representatives: Size of population determines representation QUESTION: WHAT DID THE GREAT COMPROMISE ACHIEVE?

7. SLAVERY RELATED ISSUES North Not counting slaves would have given the N. more reps in the House of Representatives!! South 3/5 Compromise ( Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people for purposes of representation and taxation.) Consider: Did the 3/5 Compromise settle the political or economic issue of slavery?! !

8. CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT DIVISION OF POWERS Federalism : Divides power between the national and state governments National Government : Delegated or enumerated powers Control over foreign affairs/ provide national defense, regulate trade between the states, coin $$ State Government : Reserved Powers Provide and supervise education, establish marriage laws, regulate trade w/I a state Shared Powers between federal and state government: Right to tax, borrow $$ and pay debts and establish courts

10. PART II: RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION Federalists vs. Anti-federalists…. Who are they?? Ratification : the Official approval of the Constitution, or of an amendment, by the states ** required by the agreement of at least 9 states Clip: Struggle for Ratification http://davidgarrigus.com/NowInProduction.html

11. FEDERALISTS AND ANTI-FEDERALISTS CONTROVERSIES New System of Government strengthened the national government !!! Federalists : Favored the Constitution’s balance of power between the states and the national government Believed that checks and balances would protect Americans Anti-federalists: Believed that this government would serve the privileged minority and ignore the rights of the majority Anti-federalists are concerned that the Constitution lacks protection of individual rights and liberties

12. OPPOSING FORCES Federalists : George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton **Received heavy support from small states and urban centers Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and Richard Henry Lee Received support from rural areas and large states w/ strong economies (ex: NY) Ques. To Consider: Why are these individuals /groups Federalist or Anti-federalist? What are their interests?

13. PUBLIC DEBATE OVER THE CONSTITUTION “The Federalist” was a series of 85 essays published in NY newspapers from 1787-1788 defending the Constitution. Discusses Separation of Powers and the limits on the power of majorities. Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay under the pseudonym Publius. ____________________________________________ ‘Letters from a Federal Farmer” most likely written by Richard Henry Lee were published by Anti-federalist supporters. In it, Lee lists the individual rights that should be protected by the government…..Can you predict what they are??

14. BILL OF RIGHTS LEADS TO RATIFICATION Demand for Individual Rights Anti-federalists believed that since the Constitution weakened state’s rights, people needed a national Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties. Guarantees that people had freedom of speech, press and religion as well as the right to a trial by jury and the right to bear arms. Power to protect these rights are in the hands of the people through the election process

15. Bill of Rights “Word Cloud” through Wordle

16. IN 1789, CONGRESS APPROVED THE TEN CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS THAT BECAME THE FEDERAL BILL OF RIGHTS. STATES RATIFIED THE AMENDMENTS IN 1791. 1. Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition 2. Guarantees the Right to Bear Arms 3. Freedom from Quartering Troops 4. Protects people against unreasonable search and seizure 5. Rights of Accused Persons ( Provides that a person must be accused by a grand jury before being tried for a serious federal crime, protects individuals against self-incrimination etc.) 6. Right to a speedy, public trial 7. Right to a Trial by Jury 8. Protects against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail 9. Establishes that people have rights beyond those stated in the Constitution 10. Establishes that not all powers guaranteed to the federal government and not withheld from the state are held by each of the states, or their citizens