1. Europeans extend their culture, government and economy.
The New Imperialism
Europeans extend their culture, government and economy.

2. Imperialism
Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
“Old Imperialism”…
Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the Americas (Spanish, British and French colonies)
Europeans only gained toeholds in Africa, India and China

3. Imperialism “New Imperialism”….1800’s
Western powers were stronger politically and economically
Europeans begin an aggressive expansion worldwide, not just in the Americas

4. Causes of the New Imperialism
Economic Interests
Industrial Revolution created needs for natural resources
Rubber, manganese, petroleum and palm oil
Manufacturers hoped for new markets
Colonies offered an outlet for expanding population
Political and Military Interests
Steam powered merchant/naval vessels needed bases to take on coal and supplies
Nationalism led European powers to compete for similar regions
Europeans believed ruling a global empire increased a nation’s prestige
What other options did countries like Britain, who had very few natural resources, have to gain the materials they needed for their industries?
When a country like France gained a colony in Africa, it would quickly be surrounded by countries like Germany and Britain to keep it from expanding too far.

5. Causes of the New Imperialism
Humanitarian Goals
Europeans felt they had a duty to spread what they saw as the “blessings of western civilization”
Social Darwinism
Growing sense in the West of racial superiority
European races, they argued, were superior to all others and imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species
“Survival of the fittest”
What is a humanitarian?
Is a country who feels they are doing good, truly in the wrong?
What are some of the “blessings of western civilization?”

6. Reasons for Success Weakness of Nonwestern States Western Advantages
Older civilizations were in decline (Ottomans, Mughal India and Qing China)
West Africa was experiencing wars due to effects of the slave trade
Western Advantages
Strong economies, well-organized governments and powerful armies/navies
Superior technology and medical knowledge
Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warships
Where will the “new imperialism” focus according the the weak states above?
Summarize how Europeans were able to colonize so easily.

7. Setbacks to Imperialism
Resistance
Africans and Asians strongly opposed western expansion into their lands
Nationalism movements rose to expel imperialists
Criticism at Home
Some Europeans believed colonialism was a tool of the rich
Argument: Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home but imposing undemocratic rule on other people
What would supporters of imperialism say to those Europeans who made the argument above?

8. Forms of Imperial Rule Imperial rule took many forms. Colonial Rule:
Direct Rule: Sending officials and soldiers to administer colony. Impose nation’s culture on their colonies and turn them into provinces
Indirect Rule: Use local rulers to govern colonies. Encourages children of ruling class to get imperial nation’s education creating a new “westernized” generation of leaders and spread imperial country’s civilization.
France utilized direct rule, Britain utilized indirect.
Which form of colonial rule seems the most fair? Why?

9. Forms of Imperial Rule
2) Protectorates: Local rulers left in place but were expected to follow advice of European advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity.
3) Spheres of Influence: An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.
Protectorates cost less to run than a colony.
Europeans carved spheres of influence in China, the US had a sphere in Latin America
France utilized direct rule, Britain utilized indirect.
Which form of colonial rule seems the most fair? Why?

10. The Partition of Africa2
The Partition of Africa
What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s?
How did European contact with Africa increase?
How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies?
How did Africans resist imperialism?

11. Africa in the Early 1800s 2
To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.
NORTH AFRICA
WEST AFRICA
Region had close ties to the Muslim world and remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire.
The Asante controlled smaller states, who were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers.
SOUTH AFRICA
EAST AFRICA
Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region.
Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on.

12. European Contacts Increased2
From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa.
Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s.
EXPLORERS
MISSIONARIES
Explorers were fascinated by African geography but had little understanding of the people they met.
Most famous European explorer was Dr. Livingstone
Catholic and Protestant
missionaries sought to win people to Christianity. Most took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in
favor of western civilization.
Best known explorer-missionary was Dr. Livingstone.

13. King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo
River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. 2
Scramble for Colonies
King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble
among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France,
and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.
At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves.
Berlin Conference pg322
To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international conference but did NOT include any African leaders.
A European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there.
European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

14. Imperialism in Africa to 19142
Horrors in the Congo….exploiting Africans, using them as laborers
France’s share of Africa was about the size of the United States
Britain had scattered holdings but those were rich in resources

15. 2
African Resistance
Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.
Algerians battled the French for years.
The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British.
East Africans fought wars against the Germans.
When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.
Ethiopia was an ancient Christian kingdom. Menelik II was a reforming ruler who used modern European technologies and tactics

16. Iran and the European Powers3
Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia.
Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.
For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.
The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.
Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

17. The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects4
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The British East India Company:
Undermined and violated Hindu beliefs
required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas
allowing Hindu widows to marry
ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles
The sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children.
The British took terrible revenge
Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust.
The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces.

18. After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.
British Colonial Rule 4
After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.
The British built roads and an impressive railroad network.
The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
Britain transformed Indian agriculture.
Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines.
The British revised the Indian legal system.
British rule brought peace and order to the countryside.
Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.

19. Imperialism in India to 18584

20. Different Views on Culture4
During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture.
INDIAN ATTITUDES
BRITISH ATTITUDES
Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress.
Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures.
Most British knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt.
A few British admired Indian theology and philosophy and respected India’s ancient heritage.

21. Indian Nationalism 4
The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule.
As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.
In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization.
In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state.

22. British Rule in India Review4
In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except
a) place India directly under British rule.
b) send more troops to India.
c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.
d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence.
Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?
a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state.
b) Its members favored continued British rule
c) Its members supported western-style modernization.
d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British.

23. Imperialism in China
Since the mid 17th century, Chinese rulers had refused to adopt western ways
As a result, Chinese technology began to fall behind that of the Europeans who will begin to challenge the Middle Kingdom

24. The Opium War
Desperate to end the drain of British silver into Chinese pockets, British merchants began to trade opium in China in the late 18th century
China tried to halt imports of the highly addictive drug
In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with the Chinese in a conflict called THE OPIUM WAR
Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victory

25. The Opium War

26. Treaty of Nanjing
In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing
China had to pay for Britain’s war costs, open ports to British trade and give Britain the island of Hong Kong
The western powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges including the right to build roads, railroads and factories

27. Spheres of Influence

28. Chinese Reaction to Imperialism
The Taiping Rebellion- from , angry impoverished peasants revolted against Qing officials. Millions were killed and China suffered.
Boxer Rebellion – in 1900, a group known as the Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China. Armies from the west and Japan crushed the rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign powers even more influence in China.

29. The Chinese Revolution
In the early 1900’s Chinese nationalism grew in reaction to the increased western presence in China
Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create a new government and replace the Qing Dynasty

30. Sun Yat-sen’s Three Goals
To end foreign domination
To form a representative government
To create economic security
In 1911, workers, peasants and warlords toppled the monarchy. Yat-sen was named president of the Chinese Republic.

31. Japan Modernizes 5
How did discontent in Japanese society and the opening of Japan lead to the Meiji Restoration?
What were the main reforms under the Meiji?
How did Japanese military strength promote imperialism?

32. Discontent in Tokugawa Japan5
After the Tokugawa shoguns gained power in 1600, the reimposed centralized feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners and forbade Japanese to travel overseas.
The Japanese had limited trade with the Dutch in the port of Nagasaki.
By the 1800’s:
Shoguns were no longer strong leaders
Daimyo suffered financial hardship
Samurai were no longer fighters
Merchants had no political power
Peasants suffered under heavy taxes

33. Opening Up Japan 5
July 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry persuades the Japanese give the U.S. trading rights:
Extraterritoriality
“Most Favored Nation”
Japanese resented unequal treaties, found them humiliating
1867: Discontented daimyo and samurai “restored” the 15-year-old emperor to power and moved the capital to Tokyo.

34. Meiji Restoration 5
Period lasting from 1868 to 1912.
Meiji means “enlightened rule.”
Goal: “A rich country, a strong military”
New leaders set out to study western ways, adapt them to Japanese needs and beat westerners at their own game.

35. Reforms under the Meiji5
Strong Central Government based on German system:
Constitution said all citizens equal before law
Gave emperor autocratic power
Limited voting rights
Ended special privileges of samurai and subjected all men to military service
Economic Reforms:
Industrialized using technologies of the west
Social Change:
Ended legal distinctions between classes
Opened educational opportunities
Women still had secondary roles
Overall, the Meiji Restoration reforms were very successful. Japan modernized and became a world power.

36. Growing Military Strength5
As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to industrial growth.
Spurred by nationalism and imperialism, Japan built an empire.
1894:Sino-Japanese War
Though outnumbered, Japan defeated China with their modern technology.
1904: Russo-Japanese War
Japan’s armies defeated Russia in Manchuria.
Japanese navy almost destroyed a Russian fleet
1905 Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea
Japanese Rule Korea
1910: Japan annexes Korea
Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese
Imposed harsh rule on Koreans
Korean rebels created nationalist groups

37. Naval Power in the late 1800’s5
Jul. 24, 1894 — A party of 50 Sailors and Marines under Captain George Fielding Elliott, USMC, was sent from the cruiser USS Baltimore (C 3) to guard the American legation at Seoul, Korea, during the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had just landed troops in Korea.

38. Japanese Power in the late 1800’s5
Sino-Japanese War
   “Japanese Warships Fire on the Enemy near Haiyang Island” by Mizuno Toshikata, September 1894
Battle of Pung-do, Sinking of the Kowshing  July 25, 1894

39. Japanese Power in the late 1800’s5
Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Surrender
“After the Fall of Weihaiwei, the Commander of the Chinese Beiyang Fleet, Admiral Ding Juchang, Surrenders” by Mizuno Toshikata, November 1895 (above, with details). [ ] Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
This woodblock print is an almost perfect example of how the Japanese (left detail) saw themselves as totally different from the Chinese and fundamentally similar to the Westerners, seen here in the figures of Western advisors (right detail) standing behind the Chinese.

40. Southeast Asia and the Pacific2
Southeast Asia and the Pacific
What impact did European colonization have on Southeast Asia?
How did imperialism spread to the Philippines and other Pacific islands?

41. Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 19002

42. Colonization of Southeast Asia2
Colonization of Southeast Asia
In their relentless race for raw materials, new markets, and Christian converts, western industrial powers gobbled up Southeast Asia.
By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia. They:
introduced modern technology
expanded commerce and industry
set up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubber
brought in new crops of corn and cassava
built harbors and railroads
These changes benefited Europeans far more than the people of Southeast Asia.

43. Imperial Powers in the Pacific
In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in the islands of the Pacific.
In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from Samoa. Later, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa.
From the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaii. In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii.
At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Philippines was placed under American control. The United States promised Filipinos self-rule some time in the future.

44. Economic Imperialism in Latin America4
Economic Imperialism in Latin America
What political and economic problems faced new Latin American nations?
How did Mexico struggle for stability?
How did the United States influence Latin America?

45. Political Problems 4
During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships.
Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely changed the existing social and political hierarchy.
With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area.

46. The Economics of Dependence4
Economic dependence occurs when:
less-developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how.
The relationship is unequal because the more developed — and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of trade.
Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal.
After independence, this pattern changed very little. The region remained as economically dependent as before.

47. The Influence of the United States4
In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine:
stated that the American continents were no longer open to colonization by any European powers.
In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:
Under this policy, the United States claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.
In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives and investments.
In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to build the Panama Canal.

48. Imperialism in the Caribbean and South America, 1898–19174

49. Impact of Imperialism 5
How did imperialism lead to new economic patterns?
What was the cultural impact of imperialism?
How did political tensions develop as the result of imperialism?

50. New Economic Patterns 5
A truly global economy emerged, dominated by the United States, Britain, France, and Germany.
Colonial rulers introduced a money economy that replaced the old barter system.
Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted traditional economies.
Local economies that had once been self-sufficient became dependent on the industrial powers.

51. Cultural Impact 5
As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject people to accept “modern” ways. By this, they meant western ideas, government, technology, and culture.
Many non-westerners, especially in conquered lands, came to accept a belief in western superiority.
The overwhelming successes of the western imperialist nations sapped people’s confidence in their own leaders and cultures.
Western culture spread around the world.

52. New Political Tensions5
By the early 1900s, western-educated elites in Africa and Asia were organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule.
The competition for imperial power was fueling tensions among western nations.

53. The End

54. China and the New Imperialism5
China and the New Imperialism
What trade rights did westerners seek in China?
How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?

55. The Trade Issue 5
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders.
China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to western powers.
-China paid a huge indemnity to Britain.
-The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
-China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality.

56. Internal Problems 5
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

57. Imperialism in China to 19145

58. Fall of the Qing Dynasty5
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
1) European countries were splitting China into spheres of influence.
2) Britain’s opium trade with China led to the Opium Wars
3) The United States forced an Open Door Policy which kept Chinese trade open to ALL nations.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.

59. Fall of the Qing Dynasty5
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.
The time period from 1911 to 1949 was a period of instability in China

60. China and the New Imperialism Review5
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West.
c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

61. China and the New Imperialism Review5
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.