1. Section C

2. Solubility Solubility – amount of substance that can be dissolved in a certain amount of water at a certain temperature Saturated – Max amount of solute for a given amount of solvent Unsaturated – solution that contains less solute than can normally be dissolved in a given amount of solvent Supersaturated – unstable solution that contains more solute than can normally be dissolved in a solvent

3. Solubility Three common ways to increase rate: Agitating the mixture. Increasing the surface area of the solute. Increasing the temp of the solvent. Heat of Solution – the overall energy change that occurs during the solution formation process

4. Temperature and Solubility Solubility Curve – relationship between temperature and solubility

6. Solution Concentration Solution concentration – how much solute is dissolved in a specific quantity of solvent Measured as a percent, ppm, and ppb Ppm- parts per million Ppb – parts per billion

7. Solution Concentration Percent by mass = Mass of solute/mass of solution X 100 Ex. 4.5 g of salt mixed with 495.5 g of water Ex. 10 g of sucrose is dissolved in 240 g of water

8. Heavy Metals Iron, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium are essential to human health Lead - Romans used lead pipes to transport water, it is believed that this lead to the fall of the Roman Empire Lead's symbol Pb comes for the word Plumber, because it was used for plumbing Lead was used as a gasoline additive for many, many years, but since we have switched to unleaded gasoline US drinking water usually contains.05 ppm, although 1.4% of water contains more than this

9. Heavy Metals Mercury - only metallic metal that is a liquid at room temperature Found in thermometers, light bulbs, paints, and used as an electrical conductor Hg poisoning symptoms are numbness, staggered walk, tunnel vision, brain damage It is recommended that you only eat 1 fish per month from the Mississippi River per month because of the mercury that is dissolved into the water

10. Heavy Metals Cadmium - Used in photography, electroplating, paints, and batteries Symptoms include headaches, coughing, vomiting, kidney, and liver damage Arsenic – Rat Poision

11. pH pH scale is a way to measure the acidity, or alkalinity of a solution Scale goes from 0-14, 0 is most acidic, 14 is most basic One change on the scale is a 10 times increase or decrease in the acidity or alkalinity Acids are made up of molecules including hydrogen atoms and turn litmus paper red Bases are made up of molecules including hydroxide ions and turn litmus paper blue 7 on the pH scale is neutral, drinking water has a pH of 7

13. Acid/Base Lab Add your chart to your lab notebooks. Also take a piece of paper and turn it horizontally. Make a line going across the entire page. Label one end 0 and the other end 14, space each number out equally. Put these substances on this line showing their acidity. Try to make this as accurate as possible. Questions 1.) which was the most acidic? why? 2.) which was the most basic? why? 3.) Explain why people take milk of magnesia when they have stomach aches. 4.) Explain why soap has the pH that it does 5.) Is Kasson affected by acid rain? How do you know? 6.) Which one were you closest on? 7.) Which one were you farthest on?

14. Water terms Electronegativity – ability of an atoms to attract electrons when bonding Soluble – When a substance dissolves in a solvent Insoluble – When a substance does not dissolve in a solvent Immiscible – When two liquids mix, but separate shortly after

15. Dissolved Oxygen Solubility of gases decreases as the temp increases Gas solubility increases as the solution temp decreases Gas solubility also depends on pressure, it is directly proportional to pressure Ppm – parts per million Ppb – parts per billion

16. Dissolved Oxygen Fish are cold blooded, so their body temps rise and fall with the surrounding water. As the fishes heat up so does their metabolisms Therefore more oxygen is used up by aquatic life when the temp is high Many industrial process use river/lake water to cool their plants and put hot water back into the river/lake

17. Dissolved Oxygen Streams contain high levels of DO because the water is falling over rocks and mixing with the air above it Streams usually contain fish species that need higher levels of DO like trout, salmon Lakes contain lower levels of DO because the water is stagnant Lakes contain fish species that don’t need such high levels of DO like catfish, carp, bullhead

18. Dissolved Oxygen Fish can suffocate from lack of oxygen, can they be affected by too much oxygen? Fish need to live in oxygen levels below 110%-124%, anything more and the fish can die of gas bubble trauma

19. Fish Kill Skim through your articles again Any new thoughts on the fish kill?