1. CHAPTER 12 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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2. Structure and Function
External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs
Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
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3. Mechanics of Breathing
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4. Following the Inhalation Process
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth
Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea
The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi
Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles
The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli
Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Assessment Techniques
Rate
The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors
Character
Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals
Sounds
Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope
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6. Assessment Techniques (continued)
Lung volume
The amount of air that can be brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity
Blood gases
Studies measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Respiratory Capacity
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8. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Anthrax
Caused by spores of the bacterium
Asthma attack
May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion
Atelectasis
A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
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9. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Bronchitis
An infection of the bronchi
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Cold
A respiratory infection
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
Emphysema
The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Hay fever
A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food
Lung cancer
Directly linked to smoking and smoke products
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12. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Pleural effusion
A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity
Pleurisy
An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs
Pneumonia
An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
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13. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Respiratory distress syndrome
A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly
Sinusitis
An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
A respiratory disorder of newborns
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
Tuberculosis
Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air
Upper respiratory infection
Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.