1. States of Consciousness

2. Consciousness – the awareness of ourselves and our environment – Ex: awake and focused Altered States – unaware of ourselves and our environment – Ex: Sleep

3. How do we know if we’re in an altered state? Brain Waves differ on an EEG Functional activity on an fMRI or PET scan

4. Levels of Consciousness We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level. Selective Attention Dual Processing Priming Blind sight

5. Sleep Circadian Rhythm – pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. – Sleep, Temperature, Thinking – Melatonin - sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream. – Suprachiasmatic nucleus – cell clusters in hypothalamus causes pineal gland to produce melatonin When light strikes the retina the hypothalamus’ SCN lower production of melatonin by the Pineal Gland Decreasing light causes the SCN to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep

6. Circadian Rhythm Body Temp – rises in morning, peaks during the day, dips for time in early afternoons (siesta time), drops again before we go to sleep Thinking sharpest, memory most accurate at peak of arousal Circadian rhythm is affected by travelling across time zones, shift work – spending next day outdoors will help reset your clock Too much Artificial light or dark cave delays sleep and makes our 24 hr cycle a 25 hr cycle.

7. Circadian Rhythm

8. Sleep Awake Beta waves - alert state Alpha waves - the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state Conscious Sleep – periodic natural loss of consciousness – Slowed breathing and irregular brain waves Theta waves, Delta waves

9. Sleep Cycle 5 Stages of Sleep Takes about 90 min minutes to pass through the 5 stages. Brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage NREM - The first four stages REM - The fifth stage

10. Stage 1 – Stage 1: Slow breathing, irregular heart beat Hallucinations – sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus Hypnagogic sensations - strange and extremely vivid sensations – Feeling like you’re falling or floating – Hear someone calling your name Alpha & Theta waves

11. Stage 2 Lasts about 20 min. Theta Waves that get progressively slower. Sleep Spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves. Gets longer throughout the night Sleeptalking can occur

12. Stages 3 Slow wave sleep. Theta & Delta waves. – Delta waves - large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep – Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health (same for stage 4 Lasts about 30 min Difficult to awaken Sleeptalking can occur Diminishes as the night goes on

13. Stage 4 Delta waves. Lasts about 30 min Difficult to awaken Bed Wetting and Sleep walking, sleep talking*, Night Terrors – sleep disorder, high arousal appear being terrified – Seldom wakeup fully – Not nightmares (REM) Diminishes as the night goes on Start to ascend back through stage 3, 2, REM then….. *Sleep talking can occur at any stage of sleep

14. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement – fast jerky eye movements = dreaming Paradoxical sleep – – internally aroused, externally calm. – Brain waves resemble wakefulness, but body is at rest – Body is essentially paralyzed, relaxed muscles, Gets longer throughout the night Dreams occur during REM – emotional, story-like, richly hallucinatory, including visual, auditory, and other sensory details Genital arousal REM Rebound – attempt to catch up on lost REM – REM sleep with be more frequent and longer as then night goes on

15. Typical Nights Sleep

16. Stages of Sleep

17. Sleep Stages Alpha waves Theta waves

18. The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called 1.Alpha waves 2.Circadian rhythms 3.Sleep spindles 4.Delta waves 5.Amplitude waves Table

19. Nightmares occur in which stage of sleep 1.Stage 1 2.Stage 2 3.Stage 3 4.Stage 4 5.REM Table

20. After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal 1.Dopamine production 2.Hypnagogic sensations 3.Alpha wave patterns 4.Beta wave patterns 5.Circadian Rhythm Table

21. The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage? 1.Stage 1 2.Stage 2 3.Stage 3 4.Stage 4 5.REM Table

22. The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to 1.Awake 2.Stage 2 3.Stage 3 4.Stage 4 5.NREM Table

23. Using psychological research from your text, answer the following: – How do culture and genetics influence sleep?(Group 1) – What are the effects of sleep loss? (group 2) – Explain 3 facts about the 5 Sleep Theories Sleep protects (group 3) Sleeps helps recuperation (group 4) Memory storage (group 5 ) Creative Thinking (group 6) Sleep and Growth (group 1)

24. Why Do We Sleep? Variations in sleeping patterns – may be genetically influenced – Infants spend 2/3 of the day sleeping – Adults – 1/3 of the day Cultural influences – US 8 hrs, but sleeping less than a century ago (lightbulb) – Unhindered would sleep 9 hrs – People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.

25. The Effects of Sleep Loss Sleep debt – amount of sleep you need but are not getting over a period of time – can’t be paid off with one long marathon US Navy and NIH studies – 7.5- 9 hrs /night felt energized and happier Age and sleep loss – Teens need 8-9 hrs if not, function below peak Chronic sleep loss – Makes you fatter - Increases ghrelin (hunger arousing hormone) and decreases leptin (hunger-suppressing hormone, stress hormone cortisol increases – Suppresses immune cells that fight off infection – Alters metabolic and hormonal functioning that mimics aging, causes hypertension and memory impairment – Irritability, slow performance impaired, creativity, concentration and communication – Reaction time slows, errors on visual tasks increase

26. The Effects of Sleep Loss Spring and fall time changes – higher accidents and traffic fatalities in Spring than Fall

27. Sleep Theories Sleep theories 1.Sleep protects 2.Sleep helps recuperation 3.Memory storage 4.Sleep and creative thinking 5.Sleep and growth

28. Sleep Disorders

29. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep and staying asleep Effects 10% of the population Sleeping pills and alcohol reduce REM sleep

30. What advise should you give to someone with insomnia? No caffeine past noon Avoid high food intake at night Avoid alcohol before bedtime, Drink milk Sleep on regular schedule Manage stress level Keep clocks out of sight

31. Narcolepsy Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times. Directly into REM sleep Less than.001 % of population. Cause: Lack of neurotransmitter orexin Click above to see Skeeter the narcoleptic dog.

32. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Very common, especially in heavy males. Can be fatal.

33. Night Terrors Not a nightmare. Most common in children (boys) between ages 2-8. Racing pulse, gasping for air, screaming incoherently, can’t be awakened

34. Somnambulism Sleep Walking Occurs in stage 4 (deep sleep). If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older. Genetic – how do we know – Twin Studies

35. Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Dr. Hogan doesn't go to bed until very late. Before he retires, he tries to wear himself out by running around the block several times. Then he treats himself to a beer and perhaps a pizza while preparing for the next day's early morning classes. What specific advice would you give Dr. Hogan to help him fall asleep?

36. Sleep Deprivation has been shown to 1.Increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks 2.Decrease weight 3.Reduce hypertension 4.Diminish immunity to disease 5.Decrease narcolepsy Table

37. Slow wave sleep promotes 1.Effective memory 2.REM rebound 3.Narcolepsy 4.Obesity 5.Insomnia Table

38. Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote 1.Sleep apnea 2.Obesity 3.Narcolepsy 4.Night Terrors 5.Nightmares Table

39. Dreams Dreams - A sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind – Hallucinatory imagery – Discontinuity – Incongruities – Dreamers delusional acceptance – Often forgotten

40. Dreams Theories 1.Freud’s Theory of Dreams 2. Activation Synthesis Theory 3. Information Process Theory 4. Physiological Function 5. Cognitive Development

41. Freud’s Theory of Dreams Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious. Manifest Content (storyline) Latent Content (underlying / censored meaning)

42. Manifest Content

43. Latent Content Unresolved hostility Avoiding sexual intimacy Emotional conflict Desire for something you can’t have (wish-fulfillment ) Repressed fear or worry Hidden aversion or perversion Hidden sexual desires

44. Activation-Synthesis Theory Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping. That is why dreams sometimes make no sense. Biological Theory – Active Areas Brain Stem visual images (not in visual cortex) limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala) – Inactive Areas frontal lobe Visual cortex

45. Information-Processing Theory aka Memory Consolidation Theory Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life – more dreaming when more stress or trauma. Dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate memory during REM

46. Physiological Function Theory Brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural networks REM sleep provides stimulation for the brain Newborns neural networks develop rapidly & newborns spend much of sleep time in REM REM Rebound – dreams serve biological function – Rem sleep increases following deprivation

47. A Lifetime of Sleep

48. Cognitive Development Theory Dreams are part of brain maturation and cognitive development Dreams draw on our concepts and knowledge Dreams get more complex as we age – Before age 9 dreams like a slide show and less like an active story

49. Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams.

50. Hypnosis

51. Hypnosis – a state of heightened openness to suggestion – Responsive to hypnosis if Rich Fantasy life Expect to and motivated to be hypnotized Posthypnotic suggestion – a suggestion made under hypnosis to be carried out later Obesity - yes Smoking, drugs, alcohol - no

52. Franco studied all evening for a chemistry test scheduled the following morning. That night he dreamt that he accurately copied a female classmate's correct answers to the test questions as they unexpectedly flashed before his eyes. Compare and contrast explanations of Franco's dream that might be provided by Freudian Wish Fulfillment Theory, memory consolidation (Info Processing theory) theory, activation-synthesis theories cognitive development theory, and physiological theory?

53. Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories? 1.Wish fulfillment 2.Information processing 3.Physiological 4.Activation synthesis 5.developmental

54. The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep. 1.Sensory cortex 2.Limbic system 3.Frontal lobe 4.Pineal gland 5.Pons

55. Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation? 1.dissociation theory 2.Social influence theory 3.Activation Synthesis Theory 4.Wish-fulfillment theory 5.Memory Consolidation Theory

56. Research on Hypnosis Age-Regressed suggestion – ability to relive childhood experiences – People act as they believe children would, but outperform children. Hypnotically “Refreshed” memories – Memories retrieved from hypnosis are combination of fact and fiction Hypnotic influence – Likely to perform any act within the range of human possibility Hypnotist is considered an “authority figure” – Supports Social influence Theory (our behaviors are influenced by others) - acting out role of good hypnotized subjects

57. Hypnotic Theories 1. Role Theory/Social Influence Theory (Spanos) Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness. No changes on an fMRI Participants have a high “hypnotic suggestibility” and are playing a “role” Participants interpret their behavior during hypnosis as “involuntary” “Hypnosis ritual” creates expectations in participants to behave in ways consistent with expectations Supports Social influence theory – Presence of an authority figure/others influences our behavior 2. State Theory Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. – Distinctive brain activity accompanies hypnosis – Would see changes on fMRI or EEG Analgesic effects – works to help manage pain Hilgard’s Divided Consciousness Theory

58. Divided Consciousness Theory 3. Divided Consciousness Theory AKA Dissociation Theory ( Ernest Hilgard) – hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness A.One Part of our consciousness responds to suggestions B.One part maintains awareness of reality Ice Water Experiment. Participant dissociates pain sensation from emotional suffering people expect from pain – Most lifted finger if some part felt pain – No outward sign of pain from ice water Increased activity in areas of the brain that receive pain sensations, but not in areas that make us aware of pain

59. Practical Uses of Hypnosis Hypnotic analgesia – pain reduction during surgery – fMRI’s show reduction in sensory cortex – HOW? Distracting attention or, Gate Control Theory, but not endorphins Relieves Headaches, asthma, stress related skin disorders, Useful in treating obesity Not successful in treating other addictions

60. A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve his memory and help him study longer and more effectively. He worries, however, that he might not be easily hypnotized. Your mother hopes that hypnosis will help relieve her arthritis pain but fears that under hypnosis she might do something embarrassing. Discuss the extent to which the hopes and fears of your friend and your mother are realistic. Where appropriate, use research evidence to support your conclusions.

61. People are particularly receptive to hypnosis if… 1.strongly expect that they can be hypnotized. 2.are below average in intelligence and education. 3.are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing attention. 4.were diagnosed with a psychological disorder at one time in their lives. 5.suffer a physical or psychological dependence on alcohol. Table

62. Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that 1.hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness. 2.hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects. 3.the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena. 4.most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis. 5.hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion. Table

63. REM Rebound REM Rebound - REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation Dreaming serves a biological function YOU need your REM SLEEP!

64. Current Studies Hypothesis: Pain will be less under hypnosis than with hypnosis IV – Hypnosis – Heating device placed on skin to determine the temperature considered painful on pain scale not hypnotized, then same subject was tested under hypnosis – 2nd group the order was the opposite. – DV – brain activity on fMRI Results: – Under hypnosis: pain activity was reduced in areas of brain responsible for pain perception and activity was increased in areas that blocked pain signals to higher corticular structures responsible for pain

65. Spanos Study IV – behavior suggestions Exp. #1 – “your arm is very light and is rising” vs. “Raise your arm” Exp. #2 – “Arm rigidity was spontaneous during hypnosis” vs. nothing Exp #3 – “first use waking analgesia techniques (such as self-distraction), then tested using hypnosis) vs. not being told about hypnosis DV – Exp #1 Interpretation of behaviors – Exp. #2 Arm rigidi ty – Exp. #3 Rating of pain intensity (0-100 scale)