1. The Rise of Europe Chapter 8

2. The Middle Ages The Middle Ages An Introduction

3. Why do they call it the Middle Ages?

4. Main Ideas of the Middle Ages: Feudalism Feudalism Christianity/ Crusades Christianity/ Crusades Chivalry Chivalry Plague Plague War War

5. Vocabulary Any thing from the Middle Ages is considered to be Medieval. Any thing from the Middle Ages is considered to be Medieval.Examples: Medieval Castle Medieval Knight Medieval Knight

6. The Early Middle Ages By A.D. 500, the Roman Empire had fallen apart. Historians call the 1000 years following the fall of Rome the Middle Ages. These years are in the middle between the fall of Rome and the rebirth of classical learning in Europe in the 1500s. During the Middle Ages, the eastern part of the old Roman Empire grew strong as the Byzantine Empire, but the western part broke into many parts and fell into decay.

7. The Early Middle Ages The fall of Rome brought important changes to Western Europe. Germanic tribes slowly moved south and took over Roman lands. For 500 years there had been one Roman Empire. Now hundreds of little kingdoms took its place. These kingdoms had no system for collecting taxes and rulers had no money for a government

8. Also called the “Dark Ages” Why? Not much emphasis on Thought Government Art Philosophy

9. The Early Middle Ages From about 500 to 1000, the region was a frontier land (underdeveloped area on the outskirts of a civilization with vast natural resources).

10. The Early Middle Ages Between 400 and 700 A.D., Germanic tribes carved western Europe into small kingdoms, the most successful of which was that of the Franks. In 481 A.D., a warrior named Clovis united the Franks and became their king. He made Paris his capital. He was the first Germanic king to become a Roman Catholic. In 481 A.D., a warrior named Clovis united the Franks and became their king. He made Paris his capital. He was the first Germanic king to become a Roman Catholic.

11. The Early Middle Ages While Germanic peoples conquered western Europe, Muslims conquered North Africa and Spain, but were defeated in France at the Battle of Tours. -European Christians viewed Muslims with fear, but gained knowledge from them.

12. The Early Middle Ages In 800 A.D., one Frank king became strong enough to unite all of Western Europe. His name was Charlemagne. Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe

13. Reunites most of the western empire He defeated the other Germanic tribes and united them into one kingdom, Spreads Christianity The pope Leo III crowned him “Emperor of the Romans.”

14. The Early Middle Ages Charlemagne tried to create a united Christian Europe and to revive Latin learning. He also established a school at Aachen (Germany), where the scholar Alcuin set up a Latin-type curriculum in which students studied grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

15. The Early Middle Ages Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions. He gave them the land so they could offer support and supply soldiers for his armies. To keep control of these rulers, he sent out officials to check on roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done.

16. Charlemagne’s Empire But then, his kids screw it up…

17. Charlemagne’s Empire But then, his kids screw it up…

18. The Early Middle Ages His rule brought law and order back to Western Europe, but less than 30 years after his death in 814, his empire broke apart and civil war began. In 843, his grandsons drew up the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into three regions.

19. The Early Middle Ages

20. Muslims invaded southern France Muslims invaded southern France Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the empire Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the empire Vikings were superb warriors & shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inland Vikings were superb warriors & shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inland 9 th century, Vikings settled in Europe 9 th century, Vikings settled in Europe 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy

22. Europe under attack! Magyars from the East Muslims from the South And the biggest threat came from the North, the Vikings

23. The Early Middle Ages One of the invaders that attacked Charlemagne’s empire was the Vikings, which came from northern Europe. They were sailors who built excellent ships. Viking explorers traveled to Russia, all across Europe and to America. They were not just destructive raiders, but also traders and explorers

25. The Early Middle Ages Around the year 1000, a Viking named Leif Eriksson landed on and island northeast coast of North America. He called it Vinland… today Newfoundland! Statue of Leif Eriksson in Duluth, Minnesota

26. The Early Middle Ages After the Romans left Britain in the fifth century, different Germanic tribes invaded the island (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes).

28. Assignment! There’s 4 sections for Middle Ages Notes. Start on 1 sheet of paper and turn in when you’re done with all 4 sections. -There’s 4 sections for Middle Ages Notes. Start on 1 sheet of paper and turn in when you’re done with all 4 sections. Pg 185: #1, 4, 5, 7.

29. Feudalism: Military Service for Land

30. Feudalism Knights = heavily armored warriors Knights = heavily armored warriors Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in mail Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in mail Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was based on owning land/very little trade Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was based on owning land/very little trade Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in exchange for fighting = fief Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in exchange for fighting = fief

32. Feudalism and the Manor Economy a code of conduct called chivalry: the knight promised to defend the church, to be loyal to the lord, protect the weak, and be polite to women. Troubadours, or wandering poets, adopted the view of chivalry and their love songs praised the perfection, beauty and wit of women.

33. Assignment! Pg 190 #1-5

34. The Medieval Church The Medieval Church Missionaries were sent to spread their faith among Germanic tribes. Women also spread the faith by marrying pagan kings and bringing them into the Church. Missionaries were sent to spread their faith among Germanic tribes. Women also spread the faith by marrying pagan kings and bringing them into the Church.

35. Role of the Church Christianity became main religion of Roman empire by 4 th century Christianity became main religion of Roman empire by 4 th century

36. Patriarch Archdiocese/Archbishop Bishop/Diocese Priest/Parish Pope

37. Roman Catholic Church Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first bishop of Rome Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first bishop of Rome Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powers Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powers

38. The Medieval Church In manor villages, the priests of the parish was the only contact people had with the Church. The priests celebrated the mass and administer the sacraments (the sacred rites of the Church). Christians believed that faith in Christ and participation in the sacraments would lead them to salvation. The church was a social center.

39. The Medieval Church To support the parish, the Church required Christians to pay a tithe, or tax equal to a 1/10th of their income. The Church taught that men and women were equal before God, but on Earth, women were viewed as “daughters of Eve,” weak and easily lead into sin. At the same time, the Church offered a view of the ideal woman, as modest and pure as Mary, the mother of Jesus.

40. The Medieval Church About 530, a monk named Benedict organized the monastery in southern Italy. He drew up a set of rules to regulate monastic life for monks and nuns

42. Role of Church Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed together seven times a day Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed together seven times a day All aspects of Benedict life was communal All aspects of Benedict life was communal Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries

43. The Medieval Church Monasteries and convents also performed a vital role in preserving the writings. Monks and nuns copied by hand books from the past to make more copies. Over time, the largest monasteries and convents became centers of learning, and the monks and nuns kept learning. AbbeyAbbey of Monte Cassino,Monte Cassino originally built by Saint Benedict,Saint Benedict shown here as rebuilt after World War II.

44. The Medieval Church Women could not become priests, however, many did enter convents. In the later Middle Ages, the Church put more restrictions on nuns: it withdrew rights that nuns had once enjoyed, such as preaching the Gospel, and placed most independent convents under the control of Church officials.

45. Role of Church Nuns = women who withdrew from the world to dedicate themselves to God Nuns = women who withdrew from the world to dedicate themselves to God Nuns lived in convents headed abbesses Nuns lived in convents headed abbesses Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Whitby in 657 where she educated five future bishops Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Whitby in 657 where she educated five future bishops

46. The Medieval Church The Church not only controlled the spiritual life of Christians, but became the most powerful force in medieval Europe. High clergy, such as bishops and archbishops, were usually nobles and they had their own territories. The pope itself held vast lands in central Italy, later called Papal States. Because churchmen were often the only educated people, feudal rulers appointed them to high government positions.

47. The Medieval Church The medieval Church developed its own body of laws, known as canon law It applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages, and morals. Anyone who disobeyed Church law faced a range of penalties, including excommunication, which meant people could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. A noble who opposed the Church could face the interdict, an order excluding an entire town, region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments.

48. The Medieval Church Jewish communities existed across Europe. In their homes, the Jews preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith. In the late 1000s, Christians persecuted Jews and accused them of being responsible for the death of Jesus. In bad times, antisemitism, or prejudice against Jews, worsened: Christians blamed Jews for things they could not understand, such as illness or famine. The Jews moved to Eastern Europe were rulers welcomed the newcomers’ skills and knowledge.

49. Assignment! Pg 196# 3-6

50. Economic Expansion and Change By 1000, Europe’s economic recovery was well underway. Farming changed because of five inventions: the three-field system, the harness for horses and horseshoe, iron plows, the waterwheel, and the windmill. Under the three-field system, a lord left one third of his fields unplanted each year, allowing the soil to rest. Then the field produced more food when the serfs planted it a year later. In 300 years, the population of Europe doubled.

51. The Change from Manor Life to the Growth of Towns

52. Causes of the growth of towns The use of horses instead of oxen. The use of horses instead of oxen. Oxen are big and slow. Oxen are big and slow. Horses plow much faster. Horses plow much faster. People could plow twice as much. People could plow twice as much. RESULTS…… RESULTS……

53. More Food!!!

54. The Three Field System In two of the fields the farmer would plant his crops. In the last field the farmer would leave it FALLOW

55. What is the Result????? More Food!!!!

56. What is the final result? Because of horses and the 3-field system, there was more food, MORE FOOD MEANS…… Because of horses and the 3-field system, there was more food, MORE FOOD MEANS…… People become HEALTHIER= People become HEALTHIER= People LIVE LONGER= People LIVE LONGER= MORE BABIES= MORE BABIES= INCREASED POPULATION= INCREASED POPULATION= NEED MORE PLACES TO LIVE= NEED MORE PLACES TO LIVE= THE GROWTH OF TOWNS THE GROWTH OF TOWNS

57. Economic Expansion and Change Europe’s growing population needed goods that were not available on the manor: peasants needed iron for farm tools, wealthy nobles wanted fine wool, furs, and spices from Asia. As foreign invasions and feudal warfare declined, traders crisscrossed Europe to meet the growing demand for goods. Traders and their customers did business at local trade fairs; however, they closed in the fall and the merchants waited during the winter months near a castle. With time these became the first real medieval cities

58. Economic Expansion and Change To protect their interests, the merchants who set up a new town would ask the local lord, or king, for a charter (a written document set out the rights and privileges of the town). In return, merchants paid the lord a large sum of money. As trade revived, merchants had to borrow money to buy goods. The need for capital, or money for investment, spurred the growth of banking houses.

59. Rise of Fairs Since people no longer lived on a self-sufficient manor, they needed a place to buy and sell their stuff. Most fairs took place outside of the town and the peasants got tired of always carrying their stuff..

60. This was too much work so pretty soon the peasants would just stay at the fair and not go back to the manor. This was too much work so pretty soon the peasants would just stay at the fair and not go back to the manor.

61. Growth of Towns What is it like to live in a town? Exciting Crowded Dirty Noisy Garbage everywhere

62. But, this is where they want to live!!!!! busy, no bathrooms, no fresh air……. Dirty, smelly, anima ls in the streets, fires ………

63. Rise of Guilds A guild is almost like today’s UNIONS. They are groups of people with the same job. They controlled what the product was supposed to look like and how much they could charge Members cooperated to protect their own economic interests. They provided social services, operating schools and hospitals, and looking after the widows and orphans of their members.

64. Economic Expansion and Change To become a guild member meant many years of hard work. At the age of 7 or 8, a child could become an apprentice, or trainee, to a guild master. Most apprentices worked for guild members as journeymen, or salaried workers. Women worked in dozens of crafts and could inherit the workshops of their fathers or husbands, even become guild masters.

65. Economic Expansion and Change To meet the needs of the changing economy, Europeans developed new ways of doing business: Many merchants joined together in an organization known as a partnership, where a group of merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture. Many merchants joined together in an organization known as a partnership, where a group of merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture. Merchants developed a system of insurance to help reduce business risks. Merchants developed a system of insurance to help reduce business risks. A merchant deposited money with a banker in his home city. The banker issued a bill of exchange, which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant city. A merchant deposited money with a banker in his home city. The banker issued a bill of exchange, which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant city.

66. Economic Expansion and Change These new ways reshaped medieval society. Feudalism ended. By 1300, most peasants were either tenant farmers, who paid rent for their land, or hired farm laborers, who paid with rent with their labor. A new middle class formed between the nobles and peasants. The clergy and nobles despised the new middle class because they saw them as immoral for making money from usury (lending money at interest)

67. Assignment! After you finish, turn in all 4 sections of Middle Ages Notes Pg 201 #3-6