1. “Dot movie” – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BbkQiQyaYc
Population time-line –

2. Human Geography
Studying Population

3. Objectives Where do people live and why?
Why do populations rise and fall in particular places?
How does the geography of health influence population dynamics?
How do governments affect population change?

4. How do geographers study population?
Geographers use demography- statistical study of human populations

5. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Population Density
Arithmetic Population Density – the total number of people divided by the total land area (This measure is also called population density.) Arithmetic density enables geographers to make approximate comparisons of the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world.
There is no relationship between arithmetic density and standard of living.
population
people per square mile =
area
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6. Arithmetic Population Density
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Arithmetic Population Density
Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area.
The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.
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7. United States Population Density
319,030,322
90 people per square mile =
3,541,447 mi2

8. China vs. Canada for China: 1,355,692,576 366 people per square mile=
for Canada:
34,300,083
9 people per square mile =
3,855,103 mi2

9. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Physiologic Density
A more meaningful population measure is by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region.
The number of people supported by a unit of arable land is called the physiologic population density.
Comparing physiologic and arithmetic densities helps geographers to understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of people.
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10. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Physiologic Density
Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is good
measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.
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12. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Agriculture Density
Two countries can have similar physiological densities, but they may produce different amounts of food because of different economic conditions. Agriculture density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
The Netherlands has a much higher physiological density than does India but a lower agriculture density.
Agriculture density is directly related to standard of living
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13. Measures of Density

14. Do you know…Write your best guess.
1. What is the world population? 2. How many people live in the United States? 3. What is the population of Texas? 4. What is the population of San Antonio?

15. The Census
The census is a count of everyone living in the United States every 10 years.
The census is required by the U.S. Constitution.
The last census was in 2010.
Your participation in the census is required by law.
The first Census was conducted in 1790 and has been carried out every 10 years since then.

16. Population Distribution
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Population Distribution
Areas that are sparsely inhabited- People generally avoid:
Dry lands (areas too dry for farming = 20 %)
Cold lands (permafrost!)
Wet lands (close to equator: rain + heat = nutrients depleted from the soil)
High lands (highest mtns. are steep and snow-covered)
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17. Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 B.C.–A.D. 1900
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Expansion of the Ecumene B.C.–A.D. 1900
The ecumene, or the portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.
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18. Studying Population
Natural Increase – the percentage by which a population grows in a year
Crude birth rate (CBR) – the number of births per 1,000 population
Crude death rate (CDR) – the number of deaths per 1,000 population
Total fertility rate (TFR) - the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years.
Infant mortality rate - the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year.
Life expectancy at birth - the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

19. Population Reference Bureau

20. Natural Increase Rates
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Natural Increase Rates
The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration).
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21. Studying Population United States 1960 2006 2012 23.7 14.3 13.7 9.5
Birthrate (per 1000)
23.7
14.3
13.7
Death rate (per 1000)
9.5
8.1
8.4
Natural Increase
14.2
6.2
5.3

22. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Crude Birth Rates
The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in
Africa and several Asian countries.
The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1,000 population per year.
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23. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Crude Death Rates
?? Because wealthy countries are in a late
stage of the demographic transition, they often have a higher CDR than
poorer countries.
The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country
per 1,000 population per year.
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24. APHG Population - Chapter 2
Total Fertility Rates
The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in
a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in
Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.
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25. Infant Mortality Rates
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Infant Mortality Rates
The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births
per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest
countries of Africa and Asia.
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26. Life Expectancy at birth
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Life Expectancy at birth
Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can
expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest
countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.
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27. Population Reference Bureau

28. Doubling Time Doubling Time of a population (years) :
70 / Population Growth Rate (%)
( 70 / 2.0% = 35 years )
Rule of 70 :determine how long it would take for a population to double at its present growth rate.
divide 70 by the population’s annual growth rate to determine the years needed to double the size of the population.

29. Human Population Doubling Time

31. World Population Cartogram
APHG Population - Chapter 2
World Population Cartogram
This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population
rather than their land area.
(Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)
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34. Warm-up: Wednesday
Use the statistics to answer the following questions:
1. What country is projected to be the most populous by 2050?
2. What continent has the top 12 highest fertility rates?
3. Where does the majority of the world’s population live? (more developed or less developed countries?)
4. Compare the population data of more developed countries and less developed countries.

35. Critical Issues in Population Geography
More people are alive today than at any other time in human history.
The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before.
Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

36. APHG Population - Chapter 2
World Population Growth, 1750–2150
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision; and estimates by the Population Reference Bureau.
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37. Demographic Transition Model
What is a model?
a representation of some phenomenon of the real world made in order to facilitate an understanding of its workings
a simplified and generalized version of real events, from which the incidental detail has been removed

38. Demographic Transition Model
When using this model, what is not considered when looking at population growth?

39. Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Natural Increase
Reasons for changes in birth rate
Reasons for changes in death rate

40. Stage 1: High Stationary
Applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution
Both birth rates and death rates are high
As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.

41. Stage 1
Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model is considered the pre-industrial stage, or pre-transition, and today no countries are classified within Stage 1 of the DTM. This is quite a feat given that for all of human history up until the 18th Century, all countries were considered within Stage 1.

42. Stage 2: Early Expanding
The introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth.
Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.

43. Stage 3: Late Expanding
Birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to contraception.
Population growth continues, but at a lower rate.
Most developing countries are in Stage 3.

44. Stage 4: Low Stationary
Birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population.
These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman.
Most developed countries are in Stage 4.

45. Stage 5: Declining?
A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.

46. Demographic Transition Model: The 5-stage version

47. Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model
Like any model, there will be outliers and exceptions to the rule and the Demographic Transition Model is no different. Additionally, there are things the DTM cannot reveal: the impact of other demographic variables such as migration, are not considered, nor does the model predict how long a country will be in each stage. But even so, the relationship between birth rate and death rate is an important concept when discussing population and any patterns, such as those provided by the DTM, that aid in understanding are helpful.

48. Let’s look at a few countries …
Sketch the Demographic Transition Model on the white board. Then use the stats to put a dot where each country lies. US
Crude Birth Rate: 12.49
Crude Death Rate: 8.15

49. Germany Nigeria Papua New Guinea Japan Saudi Arabia CBR: 8.47
CDR: 11.42
Nigeria
CBR: 37.64
CDR: 12.9
Papua New Guinea
CBR: 24.38
CDR: 6.53
Japan
CBR: 7.93
CDR: 9.51
Saudi Arabia
CBR: 18.51
CDR: 3.33

50. Warm-up: Thursday
According to this graph, what happens to population in the long-term?

51. Population
Pyramids

52. Understanding Population Pyramids

53. On the left side you can see the number of men in each age group and on the right you can see the same information for women.
What is a “cohort”?
What age group has the greatest difference in number between men and women?

54. Nigeria is a country in west Africa with much less wealth and economic development than the USA.
What are some of the differences between the populations of Nigeria and the United States? What might be some possible reasons for this?

55. While there is subtle differences in the shape of the two pyramids there is one MAJOR difference that will mean big challenges for India’s future. What is it?

56. Afghanistan is country in Central Asia which has experienced non-stop war over the last 30 years.
The USA and its allies invaded Afghanistan in 2001 in response to the Afghanistan’s government support of terrorism.
How will the population change over the next 30 years?
What will have to be built to accommodate this growth?

57. Japan, unlike Afghanistan, has enjoyed tremendous prosperity and economic growth since the end of WWII.
These two pyramids show one of the problems Japan is facing today and will certainly have to address in its future.
How is Japan’s challenges different from Afghanistan’s?

58. Copy the information * Rapid growth

59. Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities
APHG Population - Chapter 2
Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities
Population pyramids can vary greatly, with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples).
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60. Explain this!