1. SENTENCE ELEMENTS CLAUSE ANALYSIS CLAUSE ANALYSIS SENTENCES SENTENCES

2. INDEPENDENT MAIN CLAUSE Group of words that carry main idea of the sentence Group of words that carry main idea of the sentence Always has subject and main verb Always has subject and main verb Makes sense on its own Makes sense on its own Eg Billy loves Claire

3. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) CLAUSE Adds extra information about the subject in the independent main clause Adds extra information about the subject in the independent main clause Also has subject and a main verb Also has subject and a main verb Dependent clause is incomplete Dependent clause is incomplete Is dependent on the IMC for meaning Is dependent on the IMC for meaning Is subordinate to it in importance Is subordinate to it in importance Eg Although Claire loved Paul, she went back to her husband

4. PHRASES Group of words that adds further information about the MC or DC Group of words that adds further information about the MC or DC Phrases have no verb at all, or have a verb in form of present or past participle Phrases have no verb at all, or have a verb in form of present or past participle Eg however, fortunately, on the other hand Talking about poetry, having painted the picture, having won the prize

5. SIMPLE SENTENCE Consists of a simple independent main clause Consists of a simple independent main clause Eg the dog barked

6. COMPOUND SENTENCE Consists of two or more simple sentences joined together, usually by conjunctions such as ‘and’, ‘as’, ‘but. Consists of two or more simple sentences joined together, usually by conjunctions such as ‘and’, ‘as’, ‘but. As long as there is only one verb it is a simple sentence As long as there is only one verb it is a simple sentence Eg the dog barked and the baby woke up Eg in the middle of the night, the dog barked

7. COMPLEX SENTENCE Consists of one or more independent main clauses, and one or more dependent clauses Consists of one or more independent main clauses, and one or more dependent clauses Eg the dog barked because it was lonely

8. SENTENCE MOOD Main clauses can have one of three moods Declarative is used to make statements Declarative is used to make statements Imperative is used to issue orders/commands Imperative is used to issue orders/commands Interrogative is used to ask questions Interrogative is used to ask questions

9. TENSES Present participle – ends in ‘ing’ Present participle – ends in ‘ing’ Past participle – ends in ‘en’, ‘t’, ‘ed’ Past participle – ends in ‘en’, ‘t’, ‘ed’

10. PARALLELISM Patterning of pairs of sounds, words or structures to create a sense of balance Patterning of pairs of sounds, words or structures to create a sense of balance Eg I am the way, the life and the truth Eg of repetition: Onward, onward rode the six hundred hundred Eg of parallelism: Those I fight I do not hate Those I guard I do not love Those I guard I do not love

11. Distinguish the dependent clauses from the independent main clauses in the following sentences: Mary refuses to marry Peter, unless he will get a proper job Mary refuses to marry Peter, unless he will get a proper job Because he prefers the past, Hugh ignores the real word Because he prefers the past, Hugh ignores the real word Hugh drinks so he can escape reality Hugh drinks so he can escape reality When Matt teaches her to speak, Sarah finds her identity When Matt teaches her to speak, Sarah finds her identity She has hope until he abandons her She has hope until he abandons her Although he knows the language well, Pierre refuses to speak English Although he knows the language well, Pierre refuses to speak English

12. Noun Phrase Begins with a determiner and has a noun as its important word. It can act as a subject, and object or a compliment in a clause Begins with a determiner and has a noun as its important word. It can act as a subject, and object or a compliment in a clause

13. Adverbial clause